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篇1：英语毕业论文
1) to avoid the unpleasant connection, the stress was moved to the second syllable. Such phenomenon is called Assonance. That is to make use of or to create words, which have the same or similar pronunciations with euphemistic words in order to achieve the purpose of euphemism. Therefore, in English there is a way of personification to express “catamenia”: The captain is at home. It is because “captain” is assonant with the medical science term “catamenia”. In oral English, “pee” is used to refer to “piss”, which has the same reason. 2.4. GrammarThat is to use past tense, negative sentence to express euphemism. For example, I can see by your face that you don’t think that was wise. The negative form means “thinking that was foolish”; “How do we feel today?” Using “we” instead of “you” shows the moderation and geniality. “I wanted to…” “I wondered…” often take the place of “I want to…” “I wonder…” Such expression is often used in oral English.[11] 3 The Social Influences of EuphemismEuphemism is widely used in America and Britain. It has a long history. New euphemisms emerge in an endless stream. According to its applied functions, I’d like to divide it into three parts: Avoidance, Courtesy and Disguise. Through studying the three functions, we can understand the western society’s view on value and morality.3.1. AvoidanceThe earliest subject of Euphemism is religious[12]. The conception of taboo is deep-rooted in people’s mind, and it is not easy to remove. The appearance of taboo could date back to ancient Greek and ancient Roman. In human’s eyes God owns a super power that could control everything. Because fearing of the secret power, People use euphemism to avoid mentioning the guilty, unpleasant, rude or offensive words, which plays a role of purifying languages. For example, European Americans avoid speaking “Friday” and “13”. When the two things appear in the same day, it is an ill omen. And there is an example: there appeared an episode in 1972 when President Nicoson visited China. Chinese Premier Zhou went to Shanghai to receive American visitors. He found that Mr. and Mrs. Nicoson were arranged to live in Room15, Kissinger in Room14, but some state councilors in Room13? The Western people often take Number 13 as a taboo. After entering their apartments, Premier Zhou was aware that these Western visitors seemed unhappy. So he explained:” it is a pity that we have made a serious mistake. We ignored the special Western culture.” He continued,” There was an old Chinese fable that when a man was afraid of ghost, the more he thought, the more he felt terrified. At the time he felt no fear, he began to look for the ghost, but the ghost disappeared…Number 13 in Western culture looked like the Chinese ghost.” Hearing his story, the American visitors laughed heartily. At last they cooled down. From this example, we can realize the necessity of the cultural infiltration in language communication. So we must pay attention to the social influence of euphemism. This avoidance function is the first communication function of euphemisms[13]. Such function is often used in the following situations: 3.1.1. The euphemisms for God and devil The Ten Commandments of Bible has prescribed, “Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain; for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.” That’s why there are so many euphemisms. In oral English, using “God” causally would be considered blasphmous. If someone say “God damni it” he is treason and heresy, and would be punished
ConclusionEuphemism appears with false appearance, and exerts a subtle influence on exposing the truth. That is to use the neutral or pleasant words to express some awkward or offensive contents. As to the English learners, we should not only pay attention to its application on appropriate occasions, but to its influences. Its active functions can coordinate the interpersonal relationships, release the contradictions and avoid the conflicts. The negative functions are to confound right and wrong, beautify the shameful behaviors and conceal the essence. Language itself has not the class character, but different people, political parties and countries can consider it a tool to serve for them. That is why someone named euphemisms as “comfortable words” or “cosmetic words”. In daily life, we should pay attention to the influences that the active and negative functions of euphemisms bring us, and keep the negative functions from corrupting our thoughts.
Acknowledgements
My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor aaa , my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor aaa, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: Professor dddd, Professor ssss, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years. Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis。
篇2：英语毕业论文提纲
英语毕业论文提纲模板范例
title
from a new woman to a victim
introduction
in china, the position of women becomes higher and higher, but discrimination and violence are existed all the same. there are a lot of women who have the same experience with desdemona. the intention of this study is to tell the importance of women’s independence in this modern society.
my attention was first directed to introduce desdemona and the good points of her character. this is because she is a new woman in the first two acts. then i put much attention on analyzing the reasons of her change. last i pointed out that women in modern society should learn from desdemona and try to be independent. however , the independence is not mean to stand against her husband or her father, but it means to find her own position in the society and establish a positive outlook on life. women should be independent not only from spirit, but also from finance.
outline
1 introduction
1.1 a brief introduction of othello
1.2 a particular introduction of desdemona as a new woman
2 the reasons of turning from a new woman to a victim
2.1 a deion of women’s position in the 16th of england
2.2 the influence of patriarchy-centered culture
2.3 desdemona’s own weakness of her character
3 the impact of desdemona on women in modern society.
3.1 social problems on women
3.2 the reasons why women should be independent
3.3 the new meaning of “independence”
3.4 what women should do if they want to be independent
3.3.1 from spirit
3.3.2 from finance
4 conclusion
theory guidance
1 feminism
2 freudian psychology
希望大家喜欢英语毕业论文提纲模板。
更多推荐：
xx毕业论文格式排版
篇3：英语论文,英语论文,英语毕业论文
英语论文,英语论文范文,英语毕业论文
在医学论文的各部分中文题是篇幅最少的但它对于整篇论文的意义却不能仅仅以其篇幅多少来衡量[1]。比如文献检索时我们都会经历这样一个过程:在用关键词检索到众多文献后首先会根据文题进行第一次筛选。假如文题不能很好地反映论文的主题一种可能是被漏选使作者的研究不能得到充分的传播并使检索者不能全面地阅读到符合条件的论文;另一种可能是被误选最终的结果仍是作者的论文不能得到利用以及使检索者在不符合条件的文献上耗费了许多无效的时间。因此毫不夸张地讲文题的恰当与否是与论文发表后的利用情况息息相关的也是影响医学信息传播的一个重要环节。
在世界性的《生物医学论文投稿的统一要求》(Uniform requirements for manuscripts submittedto biomedical journal中对文题的要求只有短短两条:简练(concise)和反映论文主题(informative)。其中笔者认为“反映论文主题”应当是文题写作的首要原则在此基础上尽可能做到“简练”。
1如何使文题恰当地反映论文的主题?
使文题恰当地反映论文的主题目的是让读者通过阅读文题就可以了解到论文所报道的研究概况。科学研究通常的思路是在一定的条件下对特定的指标进行检测根据结果验证预先提出的假设所以能够反映论文主题的也就有以下几个指标:研究目的、研究对象、研究方法、实验条件检测指标、研究结果和结论。显而易见在文题中包括所有的内容是不现实的但是我们可以某一方面为主从不同角度反映论文的基本内容。
一种是描述性文题(indicative title)即主要向读者介绍论文报道了哪些方面的工作反映这一内容的指标有研究对象、研究方法、实验条件和检测指标。另一种是结论性文题(declarative title)也就是将研究的结论作为文题。由于不同的科学研究目的和性质并不完全相同不是所有的科学研究都可以得出很确实肯定的结论若这时仍使用结论性文题则有悖于科学研究报道中的客观标准。另外结论是建立在事实的基础上即使是作者认为很明确的结论也要接受读者和时间的.检验。而且我们在阅读文献时更多的是想了解某个领域内都进行了哪些方面的研究研究的深度和水平如何而不是仅仅知道一个结论就可以了。基于以上原因许多杂志社的编辑及论文写作专家都不赞成作者使用结论性文题。由于描述性文题的客观性和准确性正越来越多地被广大编辑和作者采用:阅读任何一本杂志的目录您都会发现绝大多数的文题是属于描述性文题。下面具体介绍描述性文题的写作方法。
首先让我们比较两组文题:
第一组:
(1)Oral immunization of mice with at tenuated Salmonnella typhi murium expressing elicobacterpylori urease B subunit
(2)Multivariate analysis by Cox Proportional Hazards Model on prognoses of patients with bile duct carcinoma after resection
第二组:
(1)Establishment safety and efficiency of attenuated Salmonnella typhi murium expressing Helicobacterpylori urease B subunit as an oral vaccine in mice
(2)Influence of various clinicopathologic factors on the survival of patients with bile duct carcinoma after curative resection: a multivariate analysis
这两个文题都是描述性的。通过比较我们不难发现对于同一篇论文第二组文题更加清楚。比如对文题①在第一组中表达我们只是了解到在研究中对小鼠进行了口服方法的免疫但为什么要这样做是对小鼠还是对疫苗进行研究呢?我们并不十分清楚。而该文题在第二组中我们则完全明了该研究是以小鼠为对象考察某种口服疫苗的安全性和有效性。那么对这个领域感兴趣的读者就可以继续阅读论文其他的读者也不会在这篇论文上浪费更多的时间了。对于文题②也存在同样的问题也许只有专家才能“猜到”论文的大致内容吧!
其实将文题写得清楚并不是一件很困难的事。在这方面英语论文写作专家已为我们提供了很好的建议:
(1)如果研究中既有自变量X(independent variables)――即实验中加以选择控制的因素如第二组文题②的“clinicopathologic factors”;也有因变量(Y)―――相当于检测指标如②文题中的“the survival of patients”;标准的文题格式为“Effect of X on Y in Z(Z为研究对象)”。例如:在文题“Effect of β- endorphin on breathing movements in fetal sheep”中“β- endorphin”为自变量X“breathing movements”为因变量Y“fetal sheep”为研究对象Z。
(2)在某些研究中只有因变量Y可以写成Y in Z。例如文题①中“)Establishment safety and efficiency”为因变量研究对象变为“the attenuated Salmonnella typhi murium expressing Helicobacterpylori urease B subunit as an oral vaccine in micet”。再如“Blood supply of the caudal mediastinal lymph node in sheep”为因变量“the caudal mediastinal lymph node in sheep”为研究对象。
(3)在方法学的研究中应当先叙述所用的方法然后阐明该方法的目的如“Detection of specific antibodies in saliva for non-invasive immunodiagnosis of Schistosomiasis japonica in rabbits”
在这几种情况下的文题写作中还体现了如下几条共同的原则:
(1)重要内容前置的原则。像effect detection establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。
(2)研究对象明确的原则。在这里需要注意的是实验动物或细胞等是包括在研究对象里的应当交待清楚不能省略。如果研究对象来自于人体则可以省略不提。但如果是来自某一特殊的人群如某个地理环境里的或某种患病群体等则应注明human或patient等词。
(3)研究方法随意的原则。事实上研究方法也是反映研究内容的一个重要方面但由于文题字数的限制以及研究方法与其他指标相比重要性略小一些的原因在文题写作时研究方法可写可不写应视情况而定。假如列出的话也不应当放在开头而应置于文题中间或末尾(如文题②)。在临床或流行病学研究中以注明研究方法为佳如“Immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in young adults: a comparative study ” 。
以上所谈到的描述性文题基本上都是短语而结论性文题则有短语和句子两种形式。一般来讲它也遵循以上3条共同的原则只是由于它介绍的是研究的结论因而这时所提到的“重要内容”与描述性文题有所不同多是一些表明研究结论的词或词组如“Inhibitive effects of glucose and free fatty acids on proliferation of human vascular endothelial cells in vitro”其他常见的起始词还有protection of … reduced … alteration … increase in … decline of …等。
以句子作为结论性文题的如:“Zinc is a potent heat shock protein inducer dueing liver cold preservation in rats”。与短语式的文题(A potent heat shock protein induce of Zinc during liver cold preservation in rats)相比它的语气更强烈可以给读者留下更加深刻的印象――Zeiger教授认为这是由于动词比名词和形容词更加有表现力的缘故。但不少杂志限制句子文题的使用可能是因为它有时语气过于强烈会给人比较武断的印象所以在使用时应当谨慎。
2 如何使文题更加简练?
(1)删除冗词。冗词的存在与否对文题内容的正确表述不会造成任何影响因而应当删除以使文题更加简洁。常见的冗词有Study of … Experiment of … Experience of … Peport of …in the treatment of … administration of 等。此外文题起始处的“the”通常可以省略而文题中间的“the”则不能被删除。
(2)用名词做定语。该方法适合于定语不是很长的情况可以减少介词的个数。如文题“Detection of specific antibodies in saliva for non-invasive immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in rabbits”可写为“Detection of specific antibodies in saliva for non-invasive immunodiagnosis of rabbits schistosomiasis japonica”。而文题“Blood supply of the caudal mediastinal lymph node in sheep”则不适合将“sheep”做为“lymph node”的定语。
(3)如果文题中有较多的并列单词或词组可考虑将它们用一个能描述其共同特性的单词或词组代替。如文题“Influence of various clinicopathologic factors on the survival of patients with bile duct carcinoma after curative resection: a multivariate analysis ”中“various clinicopathologic factors”就代表了“Pancreatic invasion perineural invasion and lymph node metastases”。
本文所谈的仅仅是原创性论文文题写作时的一些基本原则和方法在文题的写作中还有很多细节问题如对缩写和专业术语的要求、对running title、副标题的要求以及有关语序的安排、词语的选择等语法上的问题希望能有机会再谈。另外正如Zeiger教授所说论文的写作方法没有绝对严格的标准只有较好和不好之分
篇4：英语论文,英语毕业论文
在医学论文的各部分中文题是篇幅最少的但它对于整篇论文的意义却不能仅仅以其篇幅多少来衡量[1]，比如文献检索时我们都会经历这样一个过程:在用关键词检索到众多文献后首先会根据文题进行第一次筛选。假如文题不能很好地反映论文的主题一种可能是被漏选使作者的研究不能得到充分的传播并使检索者不能全面地阅读到符合条件的论文;另一种可能是被误选最终的结果仍是作者的论文不能得到利用以及使检索者在不符合条件的文献上耗费了许多无效的时间。因此毫不夸张地讲文题的恰当与否是与论文发表后的利用情况息息相关的也是影响医学信息传播的一个重要环节。
在世界性的《生物医学论文投稿的统一要求》(Uniform requirements for manuscripts submittedto biomedical journal中对文题的要求只有短短两条:简练(concise)和反映论文主题(informative)。其中笔者认为“反映论文主题”应当是文题写作的首要原则在此基础上尽可能做到“简练”。
1如何使文题恰当地反映论文的主题?
使文题恰当地反映论文的主题目的是让读者通过阅读文题就可以了解到论文所报道的研究概况。科学研究通常的思路是在一定的条件下对特定的指标进行检测根据结果验证预先提出的假设所以能够反映论文主题的也就有以下几个指标:研究目的、研究对象、研究方法、实验条件检测指标、研究结果和结论。显而易见在文题中包括所有的内容是不现实的但是我们可以某一方面为主从不同角度反映论文的基本内容。
一种是描述性文题(indicative title)即主要向读者介绍论文报道了哪些方面的工作反映这一内容的指标有研究对象、研究方法、实验条件和检测指标。另一种是结论性文题(declarative title)也就是将研究的结论作为文题。由于不同的科学研究目的和性质并不完全相同不是所有的科学研究都可以得出很确实肯定的结论若这时仍使用结论性文题则有悖于科学研究报道中的客观标准。另外结论是建立在事实的基础上即使是作者认为很明确的结论也要接受读者和时间的检验。而且我们在阅读文献时更多的是想了解某个领域内都进行了哪些方面的研究研究的深度和水平如何而不是仅仅知道一个结论就可以了。基于以上原因许多杂志社的编辑及论文写作专家都不赞成作者使用结论性文题。由于描述性文题的客观性和准确性正越来越多地被广大编辑和作者采用:阅读任何一本杂志的目录您都会发现绝大多数的文题是属于描述性文题。下面具体介绍描述性文题的写作方法。
首先让我们比较两组文题:
第一组:
(1)Oral immunization of mice with at tenuated Salmonnella typhi murium expressing elicobacterpylori urease B subunit
(2)Multivariate analysis by Cox Proportional Hazards Model on prognoses of patients with bile duct carcinoma after resection
第二组:
(1)Establishment safety and efficiency of attenuated Salmonnella typhi murium expressing Helicobacterpylori urease B subunit as an oral vaccine in mice
(2)Influence of various clinicopathologic factors on the survival of patients with bile duct carcinoma after curative resection: a multivariate analysis
这两个文题都是描述性的。通过比较我们不难发现对于同一篇论文第二组文题更加清楚。比如对文题①在第一组中表达我们只是了解到在研究中对小鼠进行了口服方法的免疫但为什么要这样做是对小鼠还是对疫苗进行研究呢?我们并不十分清楚。而该文题在第二组中我们则完全明了该研究是以小鼠为对象考察某种口服疫苗的安全性和有效性。那么对这个领域感兴趣的读者就可以继续阅读论文其他的读者也不会在这篇论文上浪费更多的时间了。对于文题②也存在同样的问题也许只有专家才能“猜到”论文的大致内容吧!
其实将文题写得清楚并不是一件很困难的事。在这方面英语论文写作专家已为我们提供了很好的建议:
(1)如果研究中既有自变量X(independent variables)——即实验中加以选择控制的因素如第二组文题②的“clinicopathologic factors”;也有因变量(Y)———相当于检测指标如②文题中的“the survival of patients”;标准的文题格式为“Effect of X on Y in Z(Z为研究对象)”。例如:在文题“Effect of β- endorphin on breathing movements in fetal sheep”中“β- endorphin”为自变量X“breathing movements”为因变量Y“fetal sheep”为研究对象Z。
(2)在某些研究中只有因变量Y可以写成Y in Z。例如文题①中“)Establishment safety and efficiency”为因变量研究对象变为“the attenuated Salmonnella typhi murium expressing Helicobacterpylori urease B subunit as an oral vaccine in micet”。再如“Blood supply of the caudal mediastinal lymph node in sheep”为因变量“the caudal mediastinal lymph node in sheep”为研究对象。
(3)在方法学的研究中应当先叙述所用的方法然后阐明该方法的目的如“Detection of specific antibodies in saliva for non-invasive immunodiagnosis of Schistosomiasis japonica in rabbits”
在这几种情况下的文题写作中还体现了如下几条共同的原则:
(1)重要内容前置的原则。像effect detection establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。
(2)研究对象明确的原则。在这里需要注意的是实验动物或细胞等是包括在研究对象里的应当交待清楚不能省略。如果研究对象来自于人体则可以省略不提。但如果是来自某一特殊的人群如某个地理环境里的或某种患病群体等则应注明human或patient等词。
(3)研究方法随意的原则。事实上研究方法也是反映研究内容的一个重要方面但由于文题字数的限制以及研究方法与其他指标相比重要性略小一些的原因在文题写作时研究方法可写可不写应视情况而定。假如列出的话也不应当放在开头而应置于文题中间或末尾(如文题②)。在临床或流行病学研究中以注明研究方法为佳如“Immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in young adults: a comparative study ” 。
以上所谈到的描述性文题基本上都是短语而结论性文题则有短语和句子两种形式。一般来讲它也遵循以上3条共同的原则只是由于它介绍的是研究的结论因而这时所提到的“重要内容”与描述性文题有所不同多是一些表明研究结论的词或词组如“Inhibitive effects of glucose and free fatty acids on proliferation of human vascular endothelial cells in vitro”其他常见的起始词还有protection of … reduced … alteration … increase in … decline of …等。
以句子作为结论性文题的如:“Zinc is a potent heat shock protein inducer dueing liver cold preservation in rats”。与短语式的文题(A potent heat shock protein induce of Zinc during liver cold preservation in rats)相比它的语气更强烈可以给读者留下更加深刻的印象——Zeiger教授认为这是由于动词比名词和形容词更加有表现力的缘故。但不少杂志限制句子文题的使用可能是因为它有时语气过于强烈会给人比较武断的印象所以在使用时应当谨慎。
2 如何使文题更加简练?
(1)删除冗词。冗词的存在与否对文题内容的正确表述不会造成任何影响因而应当删除以使文题更加简洁。常见的冗词有Study of … Experiment of … Experience of … Peport of …in the treatment of … administration of 等。此外文题起始处的“the”通常可以省略而文题中间的“the”则不能被删除。
(2)用名词做定语。该方法适合于定语不是很长的情况可以减少介词的个数。如文题“Detection of specific antibodies in saliva for non-invasive immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in rabbits”可写为“Detection of specific antibodies in saliva for non-invasive immunodiagnosis of rabbits schistosomiasis japonica”。而文题“Blood supply of the caudal mediastinal lymph node in sheep”则不适合将“sheep”做为“lymph node”的定语。
(3)如果文题中有较多的并列单词或词组可考虑将它们用一个能描述其共同特性的单词或词组代替。如文题“Influence of various clinicopathologic factors on the survival of patients with bile duct carcinoma after curative resection: a multivariate analysis ”中“various clinicopathologic factors”就代表了“Pancreatic invasion perineural invasion and lymph node metastases”。
本文所谈的仅仅是原创性论文文题写作时的一些基本原则和方法在文题的写作中还有很多细节问题如对缩写和专业术语的要求、对running title、副标题的要求以及有关语序的安排、词语的选择等语法上的问题希望能有机会再谈，
另外正如Zeiger教授所说论文的写作方法没有绝对严格的标准只有较好和不好之分也就是说其他形式的文题有时也能很好地表述论文的内涵——由于论文题材和内容的多样性这是完全有可能的。所以读者应当在认识文题的重要性、掌握文题基本要求的前提下在工作和学习中认真揣摸和比较各种文题加以整理、参考和学习。并且在投稿前还应详细阅读所投杂志的“投稿须知”了解该杂志对文题的字数、副标题、结论性文题、问题式文题、running title等方面有无特殊的要求。
最后通过一些例子帮助大家巩固以上内容的理解:
(1) Inhibitive effects of glucose and free fatty acids on proliferation of human vascular endothelialcells in vitro这是一个很标准的结论性文题其中human可以省略。
(2) Clinical efficacy of albendazole emulsion in treatment of 212 cases of liver cystic hydatidosis属于Effect of Y on X in Z格式。
(3) Effect of delivery mode on the interruption of maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus by immunoprophylaxis在文题中注明研究方法的例子。
( 4) Percutaneous estrogen in prevention of early post menopausal bone loss in Chinese women改为Effect and optimal dosage of percutaneous estrogen in prevention of early post menopausal bone loss in Chinese women更准确。
(5) Efficacy and safety of therapeutic angiogenesis from direct myocardial administration of an adadenoviral vector expressing vascular endothelial growth factor 165改为Efficacy and safety of an adadenoviral vector expressing vascular endothelial growth factor 165 on angiogenesis by myocardial injection in swine.“Injection”比“administration”更准确删除direct并不影响对文题的理解应当注明实验动物否则会让人误以为是临床实验。
(6) Nuclear factor κB in signal conduction of protein kinase C in T lymphocytes from asthmatic guinea pig model.在文题前加Role of 更准确些。
(7) Renal cell carcinoma related novel gene GYLZ-RCC18: GYLZ-RCC18: cloning and functional studies改为Cloning and functions of Renal cell carcinoma related novel gene GYLZ-RCC18:GYLZ-RCC18 from patients. Cloning and functions是中心词所以要前置;因患者属于特殊人群所以应注明
摘 要:从建构主义理论入手,探讨了建构主义学习观在商务英语教学中的应用,旨在更加有效地提高商务英语教学效果。
关键词:建构主义;商务英语;英语教学
商务英语是ESP(专门用途英语)的一个重要分支。Strevens(1988)曾经提出了ESP的四个区别特征:(1)需求上满足特定的学习者;(2)内容上与特定专业和职业相关;(3)词汇句法和语篇放在与特定专业、职业相关活动的语言运用上;(4)与普通英语形成对照。这意味着商务英语的教学也应当围绕这四个特征,在商务语境中对学生的语言技能和交际能力进行训练和培养。然而传统的商务英语教学模式与培养学生实际运用英语的交际能力之间存在差距,教学侧重点仍然是语言方面,课程的专业性、实践性、知识性等基本特征未得到体现,学生也在沉闷的课堂氛围缺乏学习英语的主动性和自觉性。被喻为对传统教学的“一场革命”的建构主义理论为商务英语教学改革提供了新思路,对于商务英语教学有着十分重要的意义。
1 建构主义理论的学习观
建构主义(constructivism)本质上是对“人类如何获得知识”寻求解答,源于皮亚杰的发生认识论。皮亚杰从认知的发生和发展这一角度对儿童心理进行了系统、深入的研究,提出认知主体以已有的知识和经验为基础主动地对新知识进行构建,而不是被动地接受来自外部的刺激。在皮亚杰理论的基础上,许多专家学者从各种不同的角度对建构主义理论加以发展。维果斯基提出了社会建构主义理论。他强调学习的社会文化本质和协作学习的重要性。美国心理学家布鲁纳融合了皮亚杰的自我建构主义和维果斯基的社会建构主义理论,并使之进一步发展与完善,提出了教学要以“学习者为中心”的理论。后来他倡导“发现学习”,即知识不是由教师灌输给学生,而是学生在教师的指导下去发现,去建构。尽管这些理论不尽相同,但是它们对于学习有着共同的原则:强调学习的主动性、社会性和情境性。
建构主义学习理论的基本思想是:学习是学习者主动建构内部心理结构的过程。这是一个动态的、发展的过程,学习者始终有意识地、主动地与环境发生多向性交互作用。建构主义理论提倡的学习方法是教师指导下的、以学生为中心的学习。学生是知识意义的主动建构者。知识不是通过教师传授得到的,而是学习者在一定的情景下借助他人的帮助,利用必要的学习资源,通过意义建构的方式获得的。因此建构主义学习理论提倡的教学模式应是“以学生为中心,在整个教学过程中教师起组织者、指导者、帮助者和促进者的作用,利用情境、协作、会话等学习环境要素充分发挥学生的主动性、积极性和首创精神,最终达到使学生有效地实现对当前所学知识的意义建构的目的”。概括起来,理想的学习环境是由情境、协作、会话、意义建构四大要素构成的。
“情境”是教师为学习者创造的语言交际活动的较真实的场景和相应的交流活动。其目的是使学生在这样的环境下和语言活动中完成意义建构;“协作”是指学习过程中的交流与磋商活动。其中包括对学习资料的共享、学习成果的评价以及最终意义的建立等,应该贯穿于整个学习活动过程;“会话”是协作过程中最基本而又不可缺少的环节,是指师生或生生之间通过交流、讨论来解决相关问题,完成规定的学习任务;“意义建构”是整个学习过程的最终目,意义即指事物之间的内在联系,帮助学生建构意义就是要帮助学生对事物的内容达到较深刻的理解。
建构主义的学习观清楚地说明了人类学习过程的`认知规律,四个因素都对商务英语教学有着重大的指导意义。
2 建构主义在商务英语教学中的应用
Gagnon & Collay等人曾对建构主义理论进行过较为系统的研究,总结出建构主义学习设计所包含的六个基本要素,即创设情境、提出问题、搭建桥梁、组织协作、展示成果和反思过程。这六个要素最能体现商务英语教学的特点和要求,对商务英语教学有着普遍指导意义。
(1)创设情境。研究表明,情境教学的基本特征有三个:其一是学习者中心,即每个学习者都是理解知识和建构意义的主体;其二是情境中心,即现实世界的活生生的情境是学习者进行问题解决和意义建构的“平台”,它与学习者的精神世界融为一体;其三是问题中心,即一个个真实问题是学习者思想汇集的中心和焦点,解决问题的过程就是意义建构的过程。根据这些特点,英语教师在课堂教学中应精心设计模拟商务情境,例如将课堂根据需要设计为贸易公司,通过模拟商务社交,贸易谈判、商务会议等各种场景或利用多媒体网络向学生呈现图片、录像资料等方式,最大效能地激发学生的联想,调动他们参与交互式学习的积极性。
(2)提出问题。“通过问题解决来学习”是建构主义所提倡的一种教学方式,教师把教学内容以问题的形式呈现给学生,确立学习任务,唤醒他们长期记忆中的有关图式、经验。在商务英语教学过程中,教师围绕教学的主题内容,结合实际商务活动设计出具有探究性、开放性的问题,让学生用已学的专业知识去解决问题。在问题解决过程中,学生要综合运用自身原有的知识经验,查阅相关的资料,分析当前的问题,做出合理的总结或推论,形成自己的假设和解决方案,进而建构起与此相应的商务英语知识经验。教师亦可设置案例作为学习背景,在课堂上选择某一真实商业案例让学生用英语进行分析,学生通过对真实案例的分析,既锻炼了使用英语的能力,也加强了他们的分析能力。
(3)搭建桥梁。即把学生已有的知识和所学的新知识联系起来。传统的课堂教学模式常常不太注重去发现学生已有的知识,而建构主义教学观则认为,教师的首要任务应该是确定学生对于即将学习的新知识了解了多少,从而更好地开展针对性的教学工作,教师应在学生知识构建的过程中充当的是支架(scaffolding)的作用。支架的概念源于维果茨基的“最近发展区理论”,本意是建筑行业中的脚手架,这里用来形象地比喻一种教学模式,指的是教师引导教学的进行,使学生掌握、建构和内化所学的知识技能,从而进行更高水平的认知活动。所以教师要提供示给学生新旧知识之间的联系线索,并确保学生积极参与活动并有足够的训练机会。
(4)组织协作。建构主义理论重视学习的协作性,认为虽然理解是由个人建构的,但理解和学习应产生于师生之间、学生之间、学生与教学内容及教学媒体的交互作用中,即在交互协作中激活旧图式,建构更加准确、全面的语言意义,完善和深化对主题的意义建构。商务英语重在人与人之间的沟通和交流,所以在商务英语教学中培养学生的团体意识和交流方法尤为重要。在课堂教学中,师生之间的关系是会话的平等协作关系。教师只有放弃传统英语教学模式中高高在上的身份和位置,切实地成为各种模拟商务仿真情境活动中的参与者,才能消除学生的紧张焦虑情绪,在活动中成为与学生地位平等的协作者,才有可能真正成为学生主动建构意义的帮助者、促进者。例如在商务谈判技巧的学习时,教师分组让同学共同完成一场商务谈判。小组中先内部协商,再相互协商。通过这样的协作,群体成员的思维就可以为整个群体共享,共同完成意义建构。
(5)展示成果。学生学习商务英语效果的反馈和知识的巩固也十分重要。通过展示,学生把自己所学的商务知识和英语知识有机地结合起来,真正做到学以致用;教师也可以了解到学生对知识的掌握情况,以便有针对性地制定下一步教学计划。展示成果的方式多种多样,可以是书面也可以是口头的。
(6)反思过程。反思过程就是通过对学习活动过程的反思来提升学习效果,是学习过程中必不可少的重要环节。学生在教师引导下对学习内容进行系统复习、归纳整理,最终完成对所学商务和语言知识的意义建构。
总之,建构主义学习观是对传统教育理论的突破和创新,用它来指导与构建商务英语课堂教学,将有助于商务英语人才培养目标的实现。
篇5：精选英语专业本科毕业论文
abstract： this paper discusses the essential meaning of the english progressive aspect from the views
of the cognitive linguistics; on the theoretical basis of the “prototype category” of the cognitive
linguistics, this paper tries to structure the prototype schema of the english progressive aspect
and its variations, in order to know better the essential meaning of the english progressive aspect
and its usage.
key words：cognitive linguistics the meaning of the english progressive aspect
the usage of the english progressive aspect
一 现在进行体意义的认知研究
“凡属语言研究，不论是历时还是共时研究，不在乎规范、描写、解释三种。早期的传统语法属规范性的，因为它总结如何正确使用语言的规则。结构主义开始对语言结构进行描写，而转换生成语法注重语言的深层结构和语言能力，本意是想解释语言的生成机制，但后来完全抛开意义研究，走到了形式主义的极端。认知语言学认为语言是认知的一部分，受人们认知世界的方法和规律的制约，要想做到描写的充分性，必须对语言现象做出解释。所以，认知语言学不仅仅对语言事实进行描写，而且致力于朝理论解释的方向迈进一步，揭示语言事实背后的认知规律”。
进行体语法意义的研究，国内外语法学家作了大量的工作。章振邦[1991：426]认为进行体的主要特点在于它所表示的动作具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性。所谓持续性，指动作或短或长有个过程，不是一下就完成的;所谓暂时性，指动作的持续时间有一定的限度，是与不受时限的动作相对而言的;所谓未完成性，指动作在某时尚在进行中，即侧重于动作的进行而不是它的完成。leech提出进行体表示持续，有限持续及事件不一定完成语义(leech, 1971). smith(1983:480-482)认为，说话人可以选择不同的角度(即视点)来描写一个情景。smith把一般体和进行体称为“观点体”，以区别于由各种情景类型表示的“情景体”。
篇6：优秀英语毕业论文
abstract： this paper discusses the essential meaning of the english progressive aspect from the views
of the cognitive linguistics; on the theoretical basis of the “prototype category” of the cognitive
linguistics, this paper tries to structure the prototype schema of the english progressive aspect
and its variations, in order to know better the essential meaning of the english progressive aspect
and its usage.
key words：cognitive linguistics the meaning of the english progressive aspect
篇7：英语毕业论文提纲
ⅰ title
from a new woman to a victim
ⅱ introduction
in china, the position of women becomes higher and higher, but discrimination and violence are existed all the same. there are a lot of women who have the same experience with desdemona. the intention of this study is to tell the importance of women’s independence in this modern society.
my attention was first directed to introduce desdemona and the good points of her character. this is because she is a new woman in the first two acts. then i put much attention on analyzing the reasons of her change. last i pointed out that women in modern society should learn from desdemona and try to be independent. however , the independence is not mean to stand against her husband or her father, but it means to find her own position in the society and establish a positive outlook on life. women should be independent not only from spirit, but also from finance.
ⅲ outline
1 introduction
1.1 a brief introduction of othello
1.2 a particular introduction of desdemona as a new woman
2 the reasons of turning from a new woman to a victim
2.1 a description of women’s position in the 16th of england
2.2 the influence of patriarchy-centered culture
2.3 desdemona’s own weakness of her character
3 the impact of desdemona on women in modern society.
3.1 social problems on women
3.2 the reasons why women should be independent
3.3 the new meaning of “independence”
3.4 what women should do if they want to be independent
3.3.1 from spirit
3.3.2 from finance
4 conclusion
ⅳ theory guidance
1 feminism
2 freudian psychology
希望大家喜欢英语毕业论文提纲模板。
更多推荐：
毕业论文格式排版
篇8：英语毕业论文提纲
英语毕业论文提纲范文一：
contents
introduction………………………………………………………………1
1.the common historical background……………………………………1
1.1 international………………………………………………………1
1.2 national…………………………………………………………1
2.the common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2
2.1 rebellion against conventions……………………………………2
2.1.1 beats in literature………………………………………………2
2.1.2 rockers in music circles………………………………………3
2.2 ideologies in between……………………………………………4
2.2.1 beatniks were fed up with their government about
the explanations of why things happened……………………4
2.2.2 their same destiny……………………………………………4
2.2.3 beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by
both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5
2.3 belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5
2.3.1 beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6
2.3.2 rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6
3.their identical lifestyles………………………………………………6
3.1 bohemian…………………………………………………………7
3.1.1 beats…………………………………………………………7
3.1.2 rockers………………………………………………………7
3.2 madness…………………………………………………………8
3.2.1 the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish,
and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven
to madness……………………………………………………8
3.2.2 rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on
rock circus spot………………………………………………9
3.3 self-indulgent……………………………………………………9
3.3.1 drugs…………………………………………………………9
3.3.2 homosexual…………………………………………………10
4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10
4.1 beats of satan and angles………………………………………10
4.2 rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11
conclusion………………………………………………………………13
英语毕业论文提纲范文二：
摘要：The thesis statement should be as specific as possible. By writing a specific thesis statement, you focus on your subject and give yourself and your reader a clearer idea of what will follow in the body of the essay.
your plan, and later in your essay, follow a logical order. The rule for writing is this: use your common sense and plan ahead. Do not leave the order of your paragraphs to chance.
How many types of order can be used in thesis writing?
What are they?
Ordering the Paragraphs within the Essay
The types of order often used in single paragraphs— time order, space order, and order of climax— can sometimes be used to arrange paragraphs within an essay. Essays about subjects that can be broken into stages, with each step discussed in one paragraph, should be arranged according to time.
Space order is used occasionally in descriptive essays. A writer who wishes to save the most important or convincing paragraph for last would use order of climax. Or he or she might wish to reverse this order and put the most important paragraph first.
Very often, however, the writer simply arranges paragraphs in whatever order makes sense in that particular essay.
Expanding the One-paragraph Plan
An essay is like an expanded paragraph.For this reason, any plan for developing a paragraph can also be used to develop an entire essay. It is up to the careful writer to choose the pattern that is best suited to his or her purpose and to the kind of essay required.
Linking Paragraphs within the Body
Just as the sentence within a paragraph should flow smoothly, so the paragraphs within an essay should be clearly linked one to the next. As you write your essay, do not make illogical jumps from one paragraph to another. Instead, guide your reader. Link the first sentence of each new paragraph to the thesis statement or to the paragraph before.
Here are four ways to link paragraphs:
Linking Paragraphs within the Body
Repeat key words or ideas from the thesis statement.
Refer to words or ideas from preceding paragraph. Link the first sentence of a new paragraph to the paragraph before, especially by referring to words or ideas near the end of that paragraph.
Use transitional expressions
Use transitional sentences
Use all four methods of linking paragraphs as you write your essay.
Checklist
Narrow the topic to one that you can discuss fully and well in an essay.
Write a clear statement.
Brainstorm ideas to support your statement.
Choose some main ideas to support the thesis statement.
Write a topic sentence that expresses each idea.
Decide on a logical order in which to present the paragraphs in the body.
Plan the body of each paragraph, using paragraph development.
Write the first draft of your essay, linking paragraphs clearly to each other.
Check for unity, logic, and coherence; revise and rewrite as necessary.
Proofread for errors in grammar, sentence, structure, spelling, and mechanics.
Three Types of Common Errors:
Language/Ideas/Format
Consideration: How many kinds of specific errors you are likely to make in your writing? How to avoid them?
篇9：英语毕业论文提纲
Contents
Ⅰ.Introduction .1
Ⅱ.Classification of Contexts 1
Linguistic Contexts ..1
Lexical Meaning 2
Grammatical Meaning ...3
Pragmatic Implication ...4
Style of Language ..5
Situational Contexts .6
Macro Contexts 6
Ⅲ.Contexts in Translation Process ... 7
In the Course of Understanding . 8
In the Course of Representation 8
Reproduction of Contexts in the Original Work 8
Conforming to the Conveying Customs of Target Language 8
Ⅳ.Misconception on this Issue 8
Under-conveyance . .9
Over-conveyance .9
Ⅴ. Conclusion 9
篇10：英语毕业论文提纲
This dissertation examines the stock market valuation of mergers and acquisitions involving investment banks and commercial banks in the global financial industry between and . The research asks the question Does the Merger of an Investment Bank and a Commercial Bank Create Value? and analyses the largest bank mergers.
,00words - 51 pages in length
% graded
Excellent use of contemporary literature
Excellent use of statistics and economic models
Will help you design your own research project
Ideal for economics and finance students
: Introduction
Introduction
The Purpose of the Study
The Organization of the Study
Justification of the Study
Trends in investment and commercial bank mergers
: Literature Review
Introduction
Trends in investment and commercial bank mergers
Why do investment and commercial banks merge?
Policy Responses
Scale, Scope and Product Mix Efficiency
Cost Efficiency
Revenue Efficiency
Economic forces driving investment and commercial bank mergers
Other reasons for investment and commercial banking consolidation
Global Economic Integration
: Research Methodology
Introduction
Event Studies
The Econometric Methodology of an Event Study
Post merger performance
: Data Analysis and Estimation
Sample Distribution
Financial Market Valuation at announcement time
Beta Estimation and choice of Market Index
Abnormal Returns
Aggregate Market Valuation at Announcement Time
Cumulative Average Abnormal Returns
Pre and Post Merger Performance: Evidence from the Financial Markets
: Conclusion
References
Appendix A: Post Merger Returns versus Market
Appendix B: Autocorrelation Coefficients for the Returns Distribution
篇11：英语毕业论文致谢
This thesis would not have been completed without much assistance,encouragement and support from many people. I want sincerely to avail thisopportunity to express my cordial thanks to those who have granted me invaluableinstructions during the process of thesis writing.
First and foremost, I extend my greatest gratitude to Professor Hongbo Song,myadvisor and supervisor, for his insightful guidance and earnest help. He advised me tothink over the selection of the subject and to carry out a series of relevant research at avery early time; and during the process of writing,he spent a lot of time guiding me ina right direction and provided many useful suggestions. It is under his strenuous helpthat I could complete this thesis in time.
Moreover, my sincere thanks go to my teachers in the School of ForeignLanguages at Zhejiang Gongshang University. They provide me with a wonderfullearning environment where I learn and grow up for their tireless instructions that willdefinitely exert a deep influence on my later life.
Besides, I express my gratitude to my friends and fellow classmates. They sharetheir knowledge with me and help me out when I am faced with any difficulties aboutthe thesis. They have tried their best to give me their precious suggestions during theprocess of writing the thesis.
Last but not least, I am deeply in debt to my beloved parents for theirencouragement, understanding and endless love during my life. They have created thebest environment for me to focus on the thesis writing during the winter holiday, andall this could not be possible without their selfless sacrifice and persistent support.
