一、主谓一致常考难题
1、一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,?谓语通常用复数形式:glasses,?clothes,?trousers,?shoes,?compasses,?chopsticks,?scissors等。
2、如果主语用a?kind?of?,?a?pair?of?,?a?series?of等加名词构成时,?谓语动词
一般用单数形式。例如:A?pair?of?shoes?was?on?the?desk.
3、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,?谓语动词用单数形式,?这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:?Truth?and?honesty?is?the?best?policy.
4、当主语后面跟有as?well?as,?as?much?as?,?no?less?than,?along?with,?with,?like,?rather?than,?together?with,?but,?except,?besides,?including,?in?addition?to等引导的词组时,?其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:?The?teacher?as?well?as?the?students?was?excited.
5、A?(great)?number?of修饰可数复数名词,?谓语动词用复数;?a?great?deal?of,?a?large?amount?of?修饰不可数名词,?其短语作主语时,?谓语动词用单数。
6、关系代词who,?that,?which等在定语从句中作主语时,?其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:Those?who?want?to?go?please?sign?your?names?here.
7、季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称,球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。?1/2?one(a)?half?1/4?one(a)?quarter
二、形容词的顺序
1、限定词+数量形容词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料。
2、某些以a-开首的形容词例如:afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,?alive?等只能作表语,不能作定语。
3、某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词:friendly,lively,?lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly,?timely等。
1)close接近地closely仔细地,密切地
2)free?免费地freely自由地,无拘束地
3)hard努力地hardly几乎不
4)late?晚,迟lately?近来
5)most?极,非常mostly主要地
6)wide广阔地,充分地?widely广泛地
7)high高highly高度地,非常地
8)deep深,迟deeply抽象意义的“深”
9)loud大声地loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)
10)near邻近nearly几乎
三、比较级,最高级
1、表示一方不及另一方时,用“less+原级+than”的结构表示:This?room?is?less?beautiful?than?that?one.
2、表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如:even,a?lot,a?bit,a?little,still,much,far,?yet,?by?far等修饰,例如:He?works?even?harder?than?before.
3、by?far?通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,?如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。例如:He?is?taller?by?far?than?his?brother.
4、某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替than。superior,junior,senior等。例如:He?is?superior?to?Mr.?Wang?in?mathematics.
5、在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that(Those),one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。
that指物,one既可指人,也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。例如:The?book?on?the?table?is?more?interesting?than?that?on?the?desk.
6、表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
A?is?three?(four,?etc.)?times?the?size?(height,?length,?width,?etc)?of?B.?例如:The?new?building?is?four?times?the?size?(the?height)?of?the?old?one.?这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。[高三倍]
A?is?three?(four,?etc.)?times?as?big?(high,?long,?wide,?etc.)?as?B.例如:Asia?is?four?times?as?large?as?Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
A?is?three?(four,?etc.)?times?bigger?(higher,?longer,?wider)?than?B.?例如:Your?school?is?three?times?bigger?than?ours.?你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。
表示两倍可以用?twice?或?double。
7、表示“最高程度”的形容词,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。
四、so,?such
1、如果复数名词前有many、few,不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时,该用so而不用such。如:
I've?had?so?many?falls?that?I'm?black?and?blue?all?over.
2、当little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。如:
They?are?such?little?children?that?the?they?cannot?clean?the?house?by?themselves.
五、almost与nearly
1、在very,?pretty,?not后用nearly,?不用almost。例如:?I'm?not?nearly?ready.
2、在any,?no,?none,?never前用almost,?不用nearly。例如:?I?almost?never?see?her.
六、情态动词
1、need?表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用must,?have?to,?ought?to或should?代替。例如:Need?I?finish?the?work?today??--Yes,?you?must.
注意:needn't?have?done“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。例如:You?needn't?have?waited?for?me.
2、“should?have?done”表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。例如:You?should?have?started?earlier.你应该早点开始。
3、“ought?to?have?done”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。例如:You?ought?to?have?helped?him?(but?you?didn't)?。那时你应该帮他的(但是你没有)。
4、书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
5、表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have,?be,?hear,?see,?like等词一般不用进行时。
七、主动结构表被动
有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和?well,?easily?等副词连用的不及物动词sell,?wash,?write,?read,?clean,?cook等。例如:The?cloth?washes?well.这布很经洗。
八、虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形
1、在动词?arrange,?command,?demand,?desire,?insist,?order,?propose,?request,?require,?suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)+?动词原形”(虚拟语气)例如:We?suggested?that?we?(should)?have?a?meeting.
2、作advice,?idea,?order,?demand,?plan,?proposal,?suggestion,?request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形”。例如:We?all?agreed?to?his?suggestion?that?we(should)?go?to?Beijing?for?sightseeing.
九、+to
1、在feel,?hear,?notice,?observe,?see,?watch,?have,?let,?make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。例如:He?is?often?heard?to?sing?the?song.
2、不定式动词在介词but,?except,?besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.例如:
-What?do?you?like?to?do?besides?swim?
-I?have?no?choice?but?to?go.
十
作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。
1、There?/?It?is?no?use/?good/?not?any?use/?good/?useless?doing?sth.
例如:He?is?looking?for?a?room?to?live?in.
2、动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:
admit,?appreciate,?avoid,?consider,?delay,?enjoy,?escape,?excuse,?feel?like,?finish,?forgive,?give?up,?imagine,?include,?keep,?mention,?mind,?miss,?practice,?put?off,?resist,?risk,?suggest,?can't?help,?can't?stand(无法忍受)等。
例如:I?tried?not?to?go?there.?(我设法不去那里。)
I?tried?doing?it?again.?(我试着又干了一次。)
3、mean?to?do?有意...?mean?doing意味着...
I?mean?to?come?early?today.?(我打算今天早些来。)
Missing?the?train?means?waiting?for?another?hour.?(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。)
十一
动词need,?require,?want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。
例如:?The?window?needs(requires,?wants)cleaning(to?be?cleaned).
在短语devote?to,?look?forward?to,?pay?attention?to,?stick?to,?be?used?to,?object?to,?thank?you?for,?excuse?me?for?等后的动词也必须用动名词形式,例如:
I?look?forward?to?hearing?from?you?soon.
Badly?polluted,?the?water?cannot?be?drunk.?(原因)
Being?written?in?haste,?the?composition?is?full?of?mistakes.?(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)
Having?been?deserted?by?his?guide,?he?couldn't?find?his?way?through?the?jungle.(为了强调已完成的动作)
Asked?to?stay,?I?couldn't?very?well?refuse.
这里?asked?可能意味着?having?been?asked,?也可能意味着when/since?I?was?asked,?但用了?having?been?asked?就不会有歧义。
下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同,所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如:?Covered?with?confusion,?I?left?the?room.我很窘地离开了房间。?United,?we?stand;?divided,?we?fall.?团结则存,分裂则亡。?He?used?to?live?in?London,?use(d)n't?he?/didn't?he?
There?used?to?be?a?cinema?here?before?the?war,?use(d)n't?there?/didn't?there?
Such?things?ought?not?to?be?allowed,?ought?they??He?ought?to?be?punished,?oughtn't?he?
但在正式文体中,用ought?we?not形式。例如:
We?ought?to?go,?ought?we?not?或We?ought?to?go?,should?we?not?
十二
含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustn't
1、若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用aren't(isn't)十主语,例如:You?must?be?tired,aren't?you?
2、若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用needn't。例如:You?must?go?home?right?now,?needn't?you?
3、当mustn't?表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must。如:?You?mustn't?walk?on?grass,?must?you?
4、前句谓语动词是must?have+过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didn't+主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用haven't(hasn't)+主语,?例如:?He?must?have?met?her?yesterday,?didn't?he?
5、陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时(前缀或后缀),疑问部分仍用否定结构。例如:He?is?unfit?for?his?office,?isn't?he?
6、如果陈述部分包含有no,?never,?hardly,?seldom,?few,?little,?nowhere,?nothing等否定或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如:He?is?hardly?14?years?old,?is?he?
7、如果陈述部分的主语为everyone,?someone,?no?one等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they。?例如:
Everyone?knows?his?job,?doesn't?he?
Let's?go?there,?shall?we??Let?us?go?there,?will?you?
十三
同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容
引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact,?news,?promise,?idea,?truth等。连接词用that?(不用which)及连接副词how,?when,?where,?why等。例如:
His?delay?is?due?to?the?fact?that?the?car?went?wrong?halfway.
She?asked?the?reason?why?there?was?a?delay.
十四
关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:
1、在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如:
The?question?is?whether?the?film?is?worth?seeing.
The?news?whether?our?team?has?won?the?match?is?unknown.
2、在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether。例如:
Whether?we?shall?attend?the?meeting?hasn't?been?decided?yet.?It?hasn't?been?decided?whether(if)we?shall?attend?the?meeting.
3、在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)例如:
It?all?depends?(on)?whether?they?will?support?us.
4、后面直接跟动词不定式时。例如:
He?doesn't?know?whether?to?stay?or?not.
5、后面紧接or?not?时。例如:
We?didn't?know?whether?or?not?she?was?ready.
6、引导让步状语从句,只能用whether。例如:
Whether?you?like?it?or?not,?you?must?do?it?well.
7、用if会引起歧义时。例如:Please?let?me?know?if?you?like?it.?该句有两个意思:“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。
十五、在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句
1、先行词是不定代词:all,?few,?little,?much,?something,?nothing,?anything等。例如:
All?that?we?have?to?do?is?to?practice?every?day.
2、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。例如:
The?first?lesson?that?I?learned?will?never?be?forgotten.
3、先行词被all,?any,?every,?each,?few,?little,?no,?some,?等修饰。例如:I?have?read?all?the?book?(that)?you?gave?me.
4、先行词被?the?only,?the?very,?the?same,?the?last?修饰时。?例如:He?is?the?only?person?that?I?want?to?talk?to.
5、先行词既有人又有物时。例如:They?talked?of?things?and?persons?that?they?remembered?in?the?school.
十六
先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。
1、如果是及物的就用that(which),否则用where。例如:This?is?the?house?where?he?lived?last?year.
2、用no?sooner…than和hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。
十七、倒装
1、主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。例如:Hardly?had?I?entered?the?room?when?I?heard?a?loud?noise.
2、代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。例如:Here?it?is.?Here?he?comes.
3、当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。例如:South?of?the?city?lies?a?big?steel?factory.?From?the?valley?came?a?frightening?sound.
4、表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。例如:Present?at?the?meeting?were?Professor?White,?Professor?Smith?and?many?other?guests.
5、部分倒装
A)用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。例如:Had?you?reviewed?your?lessons,?you?might?have?passed?the?examination.
B)用于“形容词(或名词、动词)+as(though)引导的让步状语从句中。例如:Pretty?as?she?is?,she?is?not?clever.Try?as?he?would,?he?might?fail?again.
C)如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。例如:Child?as?he?was,?he?had?to?make?a?living.
D)用于no?sooner…than…,hardly…when和not?until的句型中。例如:Not?until?the?teacher?came?did?he?finish?his?homework.
E)用于never,?hardly,?seldom,?scarcely,?barely,?little,?often,?at?no?time,?not?only,?not?once等词开头的句子。?例如:Never?shall?I?do?this?again.
Little?did?he?know?who?the?woman?was.
F)用于以only开头的句子(only修饰副词,介词短语或状语从句时)。例如:Only?this?afternoon?did?I?finish?the?novel.
G)如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。?例如:Only?Wang?Ling?knows?this.
H)用于某些表示祝愿的句子。例如:May?you?succeed!?祝你成功!
十八、特殊的名词复数
stomach-stomachs,
a?German-three?Germans,
an?American-two?Americans,
man?cook?-?men?cooks;
papers?报纸,?文件
manners礼貌
drinks饮料
in?a?word?简言之
in?other?words?换句话说
have?words?with?与某人吵嘴
have?a?few?words?(a?word)?with?sb.与某人说几句话
某些集体名词,?如people,?police,?cattle等,?只当复数看待,?谓语动词必须用复数。例如:The?police?are?searching?for?him.