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2012届中考英语重点语法总复习教案
广州英语-上海牛津版-七年级下-重点语法
1. 反意疑问句
反意疑问句是由两部分组成的，前一部分是对事物的陈述（即陈述句），后一部分是简短的提问（即简短疑问句），中间用逗号隔开。如果前一部分用肯定句，后一部分就用否定疑问句；如果前一部分用否定句，后一部分就用肯定疑问句。两部分的人称和时态要一致。其回答是用yes或no来表示。
肯定反意疑问句的回答和否定反意疑问句的回答翻译成汉语是有区别的：
1）肯定反意疑问句回答时yes和no翻译成汉语时是一致的：
例如："It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes,it is." （“这是新的，对吗？”“是，是新的。”）
"It’s new, isn’t it?" "No,it isn't."（“这是新的，对吗？”“不，不是新的。”）
2）而否定反意疑问句回答时yes和no翻译成汉语时是不一致的：
如："It isn't new, is it?" "Yes,it is." （“这不是新的，对吗？”“不，是新的。”）
"It isn't new, is it?" "No,it isn't."（“这不是新的，对吗？”“是，不是新的。”）
2. 现在进行时
一、目前（甚至说话时）进行的动作。
二、目前阶段正在进行，而此刻不一定在进行的动作。
现在进行时是由be (am / is / are)
+v.-ing (动词现在分词)构成。否定形式是：am not
/isn’t / aren’t + v.-ing;一般疑问句形式则是Am / Is /
Are+主语 + v.-ing？常和现在进行时连用的时间状
语有: now, at the moment, these years/ months / weeks / days等或者句中有listen, look，此外，我们还可以根据上下句来判断是否用现在进行时。
某些表示思想、感觉、所属或状态等静态动词如believe, think, know, understand, love, like, see, hear, smell, taste, want, own 等，一般不用现在进行时。
3. when, while和as的区别
①时间连词while，as与when是同义词，均可解为“当……时候”，用来引导时间状语从句。 when引导的状语从句时态用一般过去时或一般现在时，而while后的状语从句时态是进行时，其次when和while在表示时间上，when往往指时间上的一点，而while指一段时间，while 另指“在……的同时”
Eg. The headmaster came into the classroom while he was talking loudly.
She began to learn English when she was five.
② as 有时可与when, while通用，但它着重指主句和从句中的动作或事情同时发生，不是一前一后。
As we walked, we talked.
4. also, too, either 与 as well 的用法区别
1) too 和 as well 多用于口语中，语气较轻，通常用于肯定句或疑问句，一般不用于否定句，且通常放在句末。
如：Are they coming, too [as well]?
注意：在 Me too; You too这类简略答语中，通常不用 as well或also。
2) also 比 too 和 as well 正式，一般也不用于否定句，它在句中的位置通常是紧靠动词，即放在行为动词之前，特殊动之后。有时为了强调也放在句末(但不常见)。
如：She is young and beautiful，and also rich.
说明：also 有时用于句首(其后通常有逗号)，相当于连词 and。
如：Also, his mother was dead.
3) either(也)通常只用于否定句，且要放在句末。
如：He hasn’t finished it, either.
5. 人称代词?
人称代词表示人称范畴以及他们的相关变化形式。人称代词有三个人称，每个人称又分为单复数形式。人称代词的形式如下：
单数复数
格主格宾格主格宾格
第一人称Imeweus
第二人称youyouyouyou
第三人称hehimtheythem
??shehertheythem
人称代词的位置
1）人称代词一般出现在它所指代的名词之后.
e.g. Tom is a five-year-old boy. He likes reading and swimming. ( he指代Tom)
2）人称代词也可出现在它所指代的名词的前面。
e.g. Though he didn't know it, Jack was in danger. 杰克还不知道，他已经处于危险之中了。（he 指代Jack）
人称代词的指代作用: 人称代词不仅可以指人，也可以指物。人称代词的人称，数和性由其所指代的名词决定，人称代词的格由其在句子中的地位来决定。作为主语就用主格，做宾语用宾格
6. 反身代词
1） 列表
Iyouyoushehe
myselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimself
wetheyitone
ourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself
2）做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down. 请坐。
3） 作表语； 同位语
be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
4） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.
5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。
7. 情态动词
一、can的用法：
1. (表示能力、功能)能,会
The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。
June can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。
2. (表示可能性)可能,可能会
I think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我认为这项工作能提前完成。
3. (表示允许、请求)可以
You can't take the book out of the room. 你不可以将这本书拿出室外。
Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的笔吗?
4. (表示命令)必须
If you won't keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安静,就请你走。
5. (表示偶然发生的可能性)有时会
It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风,特别在春季。
6. (表示惊讶)究竟;竟至于
What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事?
二、could的用法
can的过去式；
（用于虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的设想）能；可以；
（表示可能性）可能；
（用于婉转语气）能，可以
三、may的用法
1.表示请求和允许，意思是：可以
He may come if he likes. 如果他想来，可以来
2.表示祝愿，意思是：祝…，（但愿）。
May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。
3.表示推测，意思是：可能（会），或许（会）。
It may rain this evening. You'd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨，你最好带上雨伞。
四、must的用法
1.表“必须”。
You must talk to them about their study.你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。
2.在否定结构中表不许。
You mustn't leave here.你不能离开这儿。
3.表坚定的建议。
You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.一到上海你得马上来看我们。
4.表推测，暗含有很大的可能性，用在肯定句。
He must be ill. He looks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。
注意： may 暗含的可能性较小。must 暗含的可能性较大。否定的猜测用can't
The baby can't be ill. He is so active.那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。
五、might的用法
might表示的可能性太小，没有足够的说服力去职责别人。
can, could 之间的区别，和 may,might 之间的区别在于，虚拟句和过去时态用后者，表示的可能性比原词小，但大部分时候2者可以互换，不会产生歧义或者对表述造成干扰。
六、should的用法
1.should 作为助动词 shall 的过去式，可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配，表示过去将来时间。
2.should 作为情态动词，通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务，译作“应该”、“应当”，这时它可以和 ought to， be supposed to 互换使用。例如：
You should （= are supposed to ） complete your test in time.
你们应该按时做完你们的实验。
3.should 作为情态动词，可以用在条件状语从句中，表示语气较强的假设，译作“万一”、“竟然”，这时也可将 should 置于从句之首，即将 should 放在主语前面，而省略从属连词 if.
If it should rain tomorrow， I wouldn't go. （= Should it rain tomorrow， I wouldn't go.）
万一明天天下雨，我就不去了。
七、 would的用法
1.would是will的过去式，Would you like～？
表示请求、劝说，是很客气的说法。
Would you like a cup of tea？ 您愿意喝杯茶吗？
2.主语+would like to～
表示“想要……”的意思上，与…want to～意思一 样，但用此句型较客气。
I want to ask you a question.
3.最基本的虚拟语气句型:
主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。
八. ought to的用法
ought to 是一个可以加上to 的情态动词其意思与should是一样的,但是ought to 不能用于虚拟语气中表示推测,而should可以
ought to与should意思接近，大多数情况下二者可以互换，但是should谈的是自己的主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。
如： We should／ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work．
She is your mother, so you ought to support her．
We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will．
8. 物主代词
1）物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性（my, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构，例如：
Jack's cap 意为 The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意为 The cap is his.
2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
a. 作主语，如：May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？ 你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语，如：I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c. 作介词宾语，如：Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d. 作主语补语，如：The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
9. 条件状语从句
概念: 在复合句中，由从句表示的状语叫做状语从句。它可以用来修饰主语中的动词.形容词.副词等。根据它表达的意思，状语从句可以分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，结果状语从句和让步状语从句等。由连接词if或unless引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。（注意：在含有条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句是一般将来时态，从句要用一般现在时[主将从现原则])
经典语句：If it dosen't rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.
If you open the door，i will come in.
条件状语从句就是用以表示“在某种条件下,会……”, 常用if ,in case , on condition等词来引导
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.
主句用一般将来时，if或unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。
固定搭配：unless = if...not.
e.g. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种:
真实条件句，如：If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic.
非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反，如：If I were you, I would go with him.
so/as long as只要 由as (so) long as, in case引导。
So long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do.只要你高兴，你做什么都没有关系。
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.带着你的伞吧，以防下雨。
10. (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。
11. 现在完成时
意义: 补充过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果或过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态
句型: 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）
1 、规则动词：
规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied , cry---cried---cried ,
play---played---played , stay---stayed---stayed
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词：
AAA型: cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
put put put
set set set
let let let
AAB型: beat beat beaten
ABA型: become became become
run ran run
come came come
特殊情况: read read read
read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/
ABB型: bring brought brought
buy bought bought
build built built
find found found
hear heard heard
keep kept kept
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
sell sold sold
sit sat sat
stand stood stood
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
win won won
ABC型: begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
give gave given
grow grew grown
know knew known
shake shook shaken
sing sang sung
swim swam swum
throw threw thrown
write wrote written
用法:
（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy, die, join, lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词
come-be
go out-be out
finish-be over
open-be open
die-be dead
a) 用持续性动词代替终止性动词
1.have代替buy: My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow: I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become: How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold: Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词
1、be＋married代marry
2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die
4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up
6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open
8、be closed代close/shut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be＋on”代start, begin
2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. →have been in sw./at…相应的介词
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6. have got up → have been up；
7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；
11. have married → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；
13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost → haven’t had
16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；
18. have got to know → have known
19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…
注意：
1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.
2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.
6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet, before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)连用。
例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
gone:去了没回
been to :去过
been in：呆了很久
11.不能与when连用
一般过去时和现在完成时
(1)、一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词 have/ has + 过去分词”。
(2) 、一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副词和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。
试比较以下几组句子，有什么区别：
① A:Have you seen the film ?
B:Did you see the film ?
分析：你看过这部电影吗？（ A ）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（ B ）句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
② A:How has he done it ?
B:How did he do it ?
分析：他是怎么做的这件事？（ A ）句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；（ B ）句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
③ A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .
B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .
分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。（ B ）句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在已经不在北京了。
(2) 现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。
比：I have washed the car. 我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮）
I washed the car a moment ago. 我刚才洗过车了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天浇的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已经写好了，但还没有寄出。
I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周写的那封信，3天前寄出的。
3）现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。
比如：It has rained for five hours. 雨已经下了5个小时了。
It rained for five hours yesterday. 昨天下了5个小时的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了两个小时，然后就回家了。
I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已经复习了两课。（说话时还在上午）
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我复习了两课。（说话时已是下午或晚上）
七年级英语重点句型总结
1．I think…意为“我认为……”，是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I don’t think…，如：I think he’s Mr Zhinag. (L17)I don’t think you are right.
2．give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意为“把……给……”，动词give之后可接双宾语，可用这两种句型；若指物的宾语是人称代词时，则只能用give it/ them to sb. 如：
His parents give him a nice purse./His parents give a nice purse to him. Give it to Mr Hu.(L57)
3．take sb./ sth. to…意为“把……(送)带到……”，后常接地点，也可接人。如：
Please take the new books to the classroom.
4．One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意为“一个是……；另一个是……”，必须是两者中。如：One is red and one is grey.(L50)或 One is red,, the other is grey.
5．Let sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”，人后应用不带to的动词不定式，其否定式为Don’t let sb，do sth.，或Let sb. not do sth. 另外，Let’s 与Let us的含义不完全相同， 前者包括听者在内，后者不包括听者在内，如：Let’s go for a walk./Let us try once more, please.
6．help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”，前者用不定式作宾补，后者用介词短语作宾补，二者可以互换。如：
Let me help you find it.(L42)/Let me help you with it.
7．What about…？/How about…？意为“……怎么样？”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。about为介词，其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。如：
What/How playing chess?
8．It’s time to do…/ It’s time for sth. 意为“该做……的时间了”，其中to后须接原形动词，for后可接名词或V-ing形式。如：
It’s time to have supper. =It’s time for supper.
9．like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”，如：
Li Lei and his friends like to play in the tree house. (L 43)
前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的动作；后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作，试比较：
Tom likes swimming, but doesn’t like to swim this afternoon.
10．ask sb.(not) to do sth. 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”，其中ask sb.后应接动词不定式，如：
Ask your friends to guess what is in it. (L44)
11．show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意为“把某物给某人看”，该句型的用法同前面第2点。如：
Show your friend your family photo.（L36）/Show your family photo to your friend.
12．introduce sb. to sb. 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”；introduce to sb.则是“向某人作介绍”。如：
Introduce your family to her.
语法易错点归纳总结
[第一类] 名词类
1. 这些女老师们在干什么？
[误] What are the woman teachers doing？
[正] What are the women teachers doing？
[析] 在英语中，当一名词作定语修饰另一名词（单或复数形式）时，作定语的名词一般要用其单数形式；但当man，woman作定语修饰可数名词复数形式时，要用其复数形式men，women.
2. 房间里有多少人？
[误] How many peoples are there in the room？
[正] How many people are there in the room？
[析] people作“人、人们”解时，是个集合名词，其单复数同形。
3. 我想为我儿子买两瓶牛奶。
[误] I want to buy two bottle of milk for my son.
[正] I want to buy two bottles of milk for my son.
[析] 表示不可数名词的数量时，常用“a / an或数词 +表量的可数名词 + of + 不可数名词”这一结构， 其中当数词大于1时，表量的可数名词要用其复数形式。
[第二类] 动词类
4. 你妹妹通常什么时候去上学？
[误] What time does your sister usually goes to school？
[正] What time does your sister usually go to school？
[析] 借助助动词do（或does）构成疑问句或否定句时，句中的谓语动词用其原形。
5. 琳达晚上经常做作业，但今晚她在看电视。
[误] Linda often do her homework in the evening，but this evening she watching TV.
[正] Linda often does her homework in the evening，but this evening she is watching TV.
[析] 在初一英语学习阶段，我们接触到了两种主要时态：一般现在时和现在进行时。一般现在时表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常和often，usually，sometimes 等时间状语连用。在一般现在时的句子中，若主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词要用其第三人称单数形式。现在进行时表示现阶段正在进行或发生的动作，现在进行时由be（am / is / are） + ving形式构成。
6 这双鞋是红色的。
[误] This pair of shoes are red.
[正] This pair of shoes is red.
[析] 在shoes，trousers，gloves，glasses等表示成双成对的衣物或工具名词前用pair（表计量）修饰时，谓语动词的形式由pair的单复数形式来决定。
[第三类] 代词类
7. 这张票是她的，不是我的。
[误] This is hers ticket. It’s not my.
[正] This is her ticket. It’s not mine.
[析] 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词之后一定要接名词，而名词性物主代词之后不需接任何词。
8. 吴老师教我们英语。
[误] Miss Wu teaches our English.
[正] Miss Wu teaches us English.
[析] teach sb. sth.中的sb.作teach的宾语，因此当sb.为人称代词时要用其宾格形式。
[第四类] 介词类
9. 你能找到这个问题的答案吗？
[误] Can you find the answer of this question？
[正] Can you find the answer to this question？
[析] 英语中用“the answer to …”表示“……的答案”。类似结构还有the key to the door，the way to the zoo
10. 格林先生星期六上午来这里。
[误] Mr Green will come here in Sunday evening.
[正] Mr Green will come here on Sunday evening.
[析] 表示在上午、下午等时，介词要用in；而表示在具体的某天上午、下午时，介词要用on.
11. 那个穿着红裙子的小女孩是我们老师的女儿。
[误] That little girl on a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.
[正] That little girl in a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.
[析] 用介词表示“穿戴衣物”时，只能用in，其他介词没有此用法。
[第五类] 副词类
12. 莉莉，你为什么不回家呢？
[误] Lily，why don’t you go to home？
[正] Lily，why don’t you go home？
[析] come，go 等后接here，there，home等地点副词时，地点副词前不加to。
[第六类] 连词类
13. 我喜欢语文和英语，但我不喜欢体育和历史。
[误] I like Chinese and English，but I don’t like P.E.and history.
[正] I like Chinese and English，but I don’t like P.E.or history.
[析] 在肯定句中并列成分之间用and来连接；而在否定句中，并列成分之间的连接需用or。
[第七类] 冠词类
14. 乘飞机去北京花了史密斯一家人一个小时。
[误] It takes Smiths a hour to go to Beijing by a plane.
[正] It takes the Smiths an hour to go to Beijing by plane.
[析] 1．表示“……一家人”用结构“the + 姓氏复数”；
2．our 一词的第一个字母不发音，它是以元音音素开头的，所以“一小时”要用 an hour；
3．用介词by表示“乘坐”某种交通工具时，交通工具名词前不加任何冠词。
[第八类] 句法类
15. ??你不是学生吗？ ??不，我是学生。
[误] ??Aren’t you a student？ ??No， I am.
[正] ??Aren’t you a student？ ??Yes， I am.
[析] 对否定疑问句的回答是用Yes还是用No，这取决于实际情况：如果事实是肯定的，就用Yes表“不”；如果事实是否定的，就用No表“是的”。
中考真题练习
1. ? What about Mr. Black/'s speech?
?Wonderful! There were ____________ people there.
A. a large number of B. much
C. a great deal of D. lots
2. My uncle went to Australia last year. We haven/'t seen him_______.
A. since almost a year B. from almost a year on
C. after almost a year D. since almost a year ago
3. ? What would you like for _______ breakfast, Mr. Scott?
?Three pieces of bread with_______ cup of black tea, please.
A. a; a B.不填; the C. a; the D.不填；a
4. ? What are you looking for, Michelle?
?My cousin's MP3 player. It _______ right here, and now it's_______.
A. has been; gone B .was; gone C. was; going D. is; going
5. ? Can your brother make model airplane?
?Yes, this week he ______ a new model.
A. builds B. is built Chad built D. is building
6. Mr. White is of great help; you ______ let him go.
A .had not better B. had better don/' t
C. had better not D. had no better
7. My grandfather wants ______ around the world because he enjoys ______ new places.
A. travelling; seeing B. to travel; to see
C. to travel; seeing D. travelling; to see
8. Mr. Watson won’t be here next week, and______.
A. neither his wife will B. neither his wife won/' t
C. his wife won/' t neither D. his wife won/' t either
9. What about Sally? She/'s done her best these days;______?
A. hasn't she B. isn't Sally C. hasn't Sally D. isn't she
10. All the children like Mr. White very much because he often makes them______.
A. laughed B. laugh C. laughing D. to laugh
11. This is ______ that all of us believe it/' s very important.
A. such useful information B. so useful an information
C. so useful informations D. such a useful information
12. Mrs. Shute wouldn't leave the TV set, ______ her children were waiting for their supper.
A. if B. because C. even though D. as soon as
13. ---Could you lend me your dictionary? I left _______ at home.
---Certainly.
A. it B. yours C. one D. mine
14. My uncle used _______ a very good football player, but this was a long time ago.
A. to being B. being C. be D. to be
15. ---My car has broken down. Could you please give me a ride tomorrow?
---I’m sorry I ________. I’m leaving for London tonight.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. couldn’t D. shouldn’t
16. ---Is _______true that Americans eat hamburgers and hot dogs every day?
---No, that’s not true, but they are both very popular foods in America.
A. this B. anything C. it D. something
17. ---How well did you do in the maths exam?
---Better than before. I think it was _______ difficult than the last one.
A. more B. less C. much D. very
18. ______ Mrs Wilson came into the classroom, all the children welcomed her.
A. Whether B. As well as C. If D. As soon as
19. We didn’t have enough chairs, _______some of the students had to sit on the floor.
A. but B. so C. or D. and
20. ?Why couldn't you the correct spelling of the word?
?Err. . . I hadn't got a Chinese-English dictionary at hand.
A. look for B. look down C. look up D. look at
21. An old friend of my sister's always helps my brother and with English.
A. I; our B. me; ourselves C. I; my D. me; our
22. The letter from my uncle was short. There wasn't news.
A. many B. a few C. much D. few
23. ? I take some photos in the hall?
? No, you .
A. Can; needn't B. Must ; mustn'tC. Could; won't D. May; mustn't
24. If you carefully, you the report well.
A. will listen; will be understood
B. will listen; understand
C. listen; will understand
D. listen; understand
25. This is just between you and me. You _________tell anyone about this.
A. mustn't B. can C. should D. have not to
1. Tom is very pleased with the painting. Kate is very pleased with the painting, too. (合并为同一意思的简单句)
______Tom _______ Kate are very pleased with the painting.
2. The boy in white is Sue’s child. (就划线部分提问)
____________________ in white?
3. They enjoyed themselves at the garden party.
They at the garden party.
4. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it.
The ice on the lake was not enough people .
5. Tom's father came home. Tom began to do his homework.
Tom did not ___________________________________ his father came home.
6. Do more sports and you'll be healthier. ___________________________________, you'll be healthier.
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36～45各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。
Thousands of years ago, human didn't live in towns. Sometimes they would live in caves or build camps (宿营地) in the forest.
Only about thirty people 36 in each camp. The men would go hunting while the women and children 37 food from the trees around the camp. All the food was 38 between everyone in the group. Every few weeks they moved to another place to find more food. It was a simple life, but people had to be 39 They had to make everything that they needed, and they had to know a lot about plants and animals.
Nowadays most people live in towns and cities, and they work in offices and factories. Life is 40 than in the old days. There are fewer 41 , but there is less excitement. Some people go 42 excitements?sailing round the world, climbing mountains, or exploring caves. Most people look forward to the 43 , a time when they can enjoy a change from their normal life. For some this means going camping. But camping today is 44 from camping in the past. Gas cookers, ready-made food and air-beds mean people can camp much more 45 than they did in the old times.
1. A. lived B. talked C. came D. danced
2. A. planted B. collected C. watched D. bought
3. A. found B. used C. shared D. sold
4. A. polite B. kind C. careful D. clever
5. A. worse B. faster C. easier D. harder
6. A. dangers B. stories C. people D. animals
7. A. waiting for B. looking for C. turning on D. putting on
8. A. dreams B. gifts C. meals D. holidays
9. A. away B. different C. free D. far
10. A. slowly B. terribly C. comfortably D. hopefully
根据短文内容填入适当的单词，使短文的意思完整，每格限填写一个英语单词，要求开头第一个字母与所给的字母相同。在填写答案时，单词开头的第一个字母要写出来。
Dear Tom,
Are you surprised to hear from me? I have not heard from you s the beginning of the summer h . How are you getting on with your s ? How are your parents? Is your brother Bill b f Canada yet?
My stamp collection (集邮) is g bigger and bigger. I have collected stamps of more than forty d______ countries. In my stamp books, I usually put the stamps from each country together. I have got a pen-friend from Britain. She gave me some B____ stamps. My American teacher has given me some beautiful American and Canadian stamps. I'm glad to know you are going to give me some foreign stamps, but I still have not r_______ the stamps of Nepal which you said to p_____ me. Have you sent them off yet?
Please write to me soon.
1~5 ADDBD
6~10 CCDAB
11~15 ACDDA
16~20 CADBC
21~25 DCDCA
1. Both and
2. Whose child
3. had a good time
4. thick for to skate on it
5. do his homework until
6. If you do more sports
[文章大意]数千年前，人类住在洞穴里或在树林里宿营，男人 打猎，女人和孩子采集野果。所有的食物会在族群内共享。 每过几周就会迁徙到另一个食物更多的地方。为了生存，他 们必须学着更聪明，要制作自己需要的东西，要知道许多关于动植物的知识。现在人们大多数住在城镇，生活变简单了却 也更平淡了。有些人为了寻求刺激而去探险和登山。大多数 人在假期里去体验一种不一样的生活。他们也会宿营，但他们的装备和必需品使得宿营和数千年前相比要舒服许多。
36．A 37．B 38．C 39．D 40．C 41．A 42．B 43．D 44．B 45．C
1 since
2. holidays
3. sister/sisters
4. back
5. from
6. getting
7. different
8. Building
9. received
10. post
2012届中考英语重点语法总复习教案
广州英语-上海牛津版-七年级下-重点语法
1. 反意疑问句
反意疑问句是由两部分组成的，前一部分是对事物的陈述（即陈述句），后一部分是简短的提问（即简短疑问句），中间用逗号隔开。如果前一部分用肯定句，后一部分就用否定疑问句；如果前一部分用否定句，后一部分就用肯定疑问句。两部分的人称和时态要一致。其回答是用yes或no来表示。
肯定反意疑问句的回答和否定反意疑问句的回答翻译成汉语是有区别的：
1）肯定反意疑问句回答时yes和no翻译成汉语时是一致的：
例如："It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes,it is." （“这是新的，对吗？”“是，是新的。”）
"It’s new, isn’t it?" "No,it isn't."（“这是新的，对吗？”“不，不是新的。”）
2）而否定反意疑问句回答时yes和no翻译成汉语时是不一致的：
如："It isn't new, is it?" "Yes,it is." （“这不是新的，对吗？”“不，是新的。”）
"It isn't new, is it?" "No,it isn't."（“这不是新的，对吗？”“是，不是新的。”）
2. 现在进行时
一、目前（甚至说话时）进行的动作。
二、目前阶段正在进行，而此刻不一定在进行的动作。
现在进行时是由be (am / is / are)
+v.-ing (动词现在分词)构成。否定形式是：am not
/isn’t / aren’t + v.-ing;一般疑问句形式则是Am / Is /
Are+主语 + v.-ing？常和现在进行时连用的时间状
语有: now, at the moment, these years/ months / weeks / days等或者句中有listen, look，此外，我们还可以根据上下句来判断是否用现在进行时。
某些表示思想、感觉、所属或状态等静态动词如believe, think, know, understand, love, like, see, hear, smell, taste, want, own 等，一般不用现在进行时。
3. when, while和as的区别
①时间连词while，as与when是同义词，均可解为“当……时候”，用来引导时间状语从句。 when引导的状语从句时态用一般过去时或一般现在时，而while后的状语从句时态是进行时，其次when和while在表示时间上，when往往指时间上的一点，而while指一段时间，while 另指“在……的同时”
Eg. The headmaster came into the classroom while he was talking loudly.
She began to learn English when she was five.
② as 有时可与when, while通用，但它着重指主句和从句中的动作或事情同时发生，不是一前一后。
As we walked, we talked.
4. also, too, either 与 as well 的用法区别
1) too 和 as well 多用于口语中，语气较轻，通常用于肯定句或疑问句，一般不用于否定句，且通常放在句末。
如：Are they coming, too [as well]?
注意：在 Me too; You too这类简略答语中，通常不用 as well或also。
2) also 比 too 和 as well 正式，一般也不用于否定句，它在句中的位置通常是紧靠动词，即放在行为动词之前，特殊动之后。有时为了强调也放在句末(但不常见)。
如：She is young and beautiful，and also rich.
说明：also 有时用于句首(其后通常有逗号)，相当于连词 and。
如：Also, his mother was dead.
3) either(也)通常只用于否定句，且要放在句末。
如：He hasn’t finished it, either.
5. 人称代词?
人称代词表示人称范畴以及他们的相关变化形式。人称代词有三个人称，每个人称又分为单复数形式。人称代词的形式如下：
单数复数
格主格宾格主格宾格
第一人称Imeweus
第二人称youyouyouyou
第三人称hehimtheythem
??shehertheythem
人称代词的位置
1）人称代词一般出现在它所指代的名词之后.
e.g. Tom is a five-year-old boy. He likes reading and swimming. ( he指代Tom)
2）人称代词也可出现在它所指代的名词的前面。
e.g. Though he didn't know it, Jack was in danger. 杰克还不知道，他已经处于危险之中了。（he 指代Jack）
人称代词的指代作用: 人称代词不仅可以指人，也可以指物。人称代词的人称，数和性由其所指代的名词决定，人称代词的格由其在句子中的地位来决定。作为主语就用主格，做宾语用宾格
6. 反身代词
1） 列表
Iyouyoushehe
myselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimself
wetheyitone
ourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself
2）做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down. 请坐。
3） 作表语； 同位语
be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
4） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.
5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。
7. 情态动词
一、can的用法：
1. (表示能力、功能)能,会
The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。
June can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。
2. (表示可能性)可能,可能会
I think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我认为这项工作能提前完成。
3. (表示允许、请求)可以
You can't take the book out of the room. 你不可以将这本书拿出室外。
Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的笔吗?
4. (表示命令)必须
If you won't keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安静,就请你走。
5. (表示偶然发生的可能性)有时会
It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风,特别在春季。
6. (表示惊讶)究竟;竟至于
What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事?
二、could的用法
can的过去式；
（用于虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的设想）能；可以；
（表示可能性）可能；
（用于婉转语气）能，可以
三、may的用法
1.表示请求和允许，意思是：可以
He may come if he likes. 如果他想来，可以来
2.表示祝愿，意思是：祝…，（但愿）。
May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。
3.表示推测，意思是：可能（会），或许（会）。
It may rain this evening. You'd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨，你最好带上雨伞。
四、must的用法
1.表“必须”。
You must talk to them about their study.你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。
2.在否定结构中表不许。
You mustn't leave here.你不能离开这儿。
3.表坚定的建议。
You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.一到上海你得马上来看我们。
4.表推测，暗含有很大的可能性，用在肯定句。
He must be ill. He looks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。
注意： may 暗含的可能性较小。must 暗含的可能性较大。否定的猜测用can't
The baby can't be ill. He is so active.那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。
五、might的用法
might表示的可能性太小，没有足够的说服力去职责别人。
can, could 之间的区别，和 may,might 之间的区别在于，虚拟句和过去时态用后者，表示的可能性比原词小，但大部分时候2者可以互换，不会产生歧义或者对表述造成干扰。
六、should的用法
1.should 作为助动词 shall 的过去式，可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配，表示过去将来时间。
2.should 作为情态动词，通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务，译作“应该”、“应当”，这时它可以和 ought to， be supposed to 互换使用。例如：
You should （= are supposed to ） complete your test in time.
你们应该按时做完你们的实验。
3.should 作为情态动词，可以用在条件状语从句中，表示语气较强的假设，译作“万一”、“竟然”，这时也可将 should 置于从句之首，即将 should 放在主语前面，而省略从属连词 if.
If it should rain tomorrow， I wouldn't go. （= Should it rain tomorrow， I wouldn't go.）
万一明天天下雨，我就不去了。
七、 would的用法
1.would是will的过去式，Would you like～？
表示请求、劝说，是很客气的说法。
Would you like a cup of tea？ 您愿意喝杯茶吗？
2.主语+would like to～
表示“想要……”的意思上，与…want to～意思一 样，但用此句型较客气。
I want to ask you a question.
3.最基本的虚拟语气句型:
主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。
八. ought to的用法
ought to 是一个可以加上to 的情态动词其意思与should是一样的,但是ought to 不能用于虚拟语气中表示推测,而should可以
ought to与should意思接近，大多数情况下二者可以互换，但是should谈的是自己的主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。
如： We should／ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work．
She is your mother, so you ought to support her．
We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will．
8. 物主代词
1）物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性（my, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构，例如：
Jack's cap 意为 The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意为 The cap is his.
2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
a. 作主语，如：May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？ 你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语，如：I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c. 作介词宾语，如：Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d. 作主语补语，如：The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
9. 条件状语从句
概念: 在复合句中，由从句表示的状语叫做状语从句。它可以用来修饰主语中的动词.形容词.副词等。根据它表达的意思，状语从句可以分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，结果状语从句和让步状语从句等。由连接词if或unless引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。（注意：在含有条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句是一般将来时态，从句要用一般现在时[主将从现原则])
经典语句：If it dosen't rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.
If you open the door，i will come in.
条件状语从句就是用以表示“在某种条件下,会……”, 常用if ,in case , on condition等词来引导
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.
主句用一般将来时，if或unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。
固定搭配：unless = if...not.
e.g. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种:
真实条件句，如：If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic.
非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反，如：If I were you, I would go with him.
so/as long as只要 由as (so) long as, in case引导。
So long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do.只要你高兴，你做什么都没有关系。
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.带着你的伞吧，以防下雨。
10. (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。
11. 现在完成时
意义: 补充过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果或过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态
句型: 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）
1 、规则动词：
规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied , cry---cried---cried ,
play---played---played , stay---stayed---stayed
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词：
AAA型: cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
put put put
set set set
let let let
AAB型: beat beat beaten
ABA型: become became become
run ran run
come came come
特殊情况: read read read
read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/
ABB型: bring brought brought
buy bought bought
build built built
find found found
hear heard heard
keep kept kept
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
sell sold sold
sit sat sat
stand stood stood
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
win won won
ABC型: begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
give gave given
grow grew grown
know knew known
shake shook shaken
sing sang sung
swim swam swum
throw threw thrown
write wrote written
用法:
（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy, die, join, lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词
come-be
go out-be out
finish-be over
open-be open
die-be dead
a) 用持续性动词代替终止性动词
1.have代替buy: My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow: I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become: How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold: Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词
1、be＋married代marry
2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die
4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up
6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open
8、be closed代close/shut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be＋on”代start, begin
2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. →have been in sw./at…相应的介词
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6. have got up → have been up；
7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；
11. have married → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；
13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost → haven’t had
16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；
18. have got to know → have known
19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…
注意：
1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.
2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.
6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet, before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)连用。
例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
gone:去了没回
been to :去过
been in：呆了很久
11.不能与when连用
一般过去时和现在完成时
(1)、一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词 have/ has + 过去分词”。
(2) 、一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副词和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。
试比较以下几组句子，有什么区别：
① A:Have you seen the film ?
B:Did you see the film ?
分析：你看过这部电影吗？（ A ）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（ B ）句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
② A:How has he done it ?
B:How did he do it ?
分析：他是怎么做的这件事？（ A ）句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；（ B ）句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
③ A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .
B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .
分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。（ B ）句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在已经不在北京了。
(2) 现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。
比：I have washed the car. 我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮）
I washed the car a moment ago. 我刚才洗过车了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天浇的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已经写好了，但还没有寄出。
I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周写的那封信，3天前寄出的。
3）现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。
比如：It has rained for five hours. 雨已经下了5个小时了。
It rained for five hours yesterday. 昨天下了5个小时的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了两个小时，然后就回家了。
I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已经复习了两课。（说话时还在上午）
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我复习了两课。（说话时已是下午或晚上）
七年级英语重点句型总结
1．I think…意为“我认为……”，是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I don’t think…，如：I think he’s Mr Zhinag. (L17)I don’t think you are right.
2．give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意为“把……给……”，动词give之后可接双宾语，可用这两种句型；若指物的宾语是人称代词时，则只能用give it/ them to sb. 如：
His parents give him a nice purse./His parents give a nice purse to him. Give it to Mr Hu.(L57)
3．take sb./ sth. to…意为“把……(送)带到……”，后常接地点，也可接人。如：
Please take the new books to the classroom.
4．One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意为“一个是……；另一个是……”，必须是两者中。如：One is red and one is grey.(L50)或 One is red,, the other is grey.
5．Let sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”，人后应用不带to的动词不定式，其否定式为Don’t let sb，do sth.，或Let sb. not do sth. 另外，Let’s 与Let us的含义不完全相同， 前者包括听者在内，后者不包括听者在内，如：Let’s go for a walk./Let us try once more, please.
6．help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”，前者用不定式作宾补，后者用介词短语作宾补，二者可以互换。如：
Let me help you find it.(L42)/Let me help you with it.
7．What about…？/How about…？意为“……怎么样？”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。about为介词，其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。如：
What/How playing chess?
8．It’s time to do…/ It’s time for sth. 意为“该做……的时间了”，其中to后须接原形动词，for后可接名词或V-ing形式。如：
It’s time to have supper. =It’s time for supper.
9．like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”，如：
Li Lei and his friends like to play in the tree house. (L 43)
前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的动作；后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作，试比较：
Tom likes swimming, but doesn’t like to swim this afternoon.
10．ask sb.(not) to do sth. 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”，其中ask sb.后应接动词不定式，如：
Ask your friends to guess what is in it. (L44)
11．show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意为“把某物给某人看”，该句型的用法同前面第2点。如：
Show your friend your family photo.（L36）/Show your family photo to your friend.
12．introduce sb. to sb. 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”；introduce to sb.则是“向某人作介绍”。如：
Introduce your family to her.
语法易错点归纳总结
[第一类] 名词类
1. 这些女老师们在干什么？
[误] What are the woman teachers doing？
[正] What are the women teachers doing？
[析] 在英语中，当一名词作定语修饰另一名词（单或复数形式）时，作定语的名词一般要用其单数形式；但当man，woman作定语修饰可数名词复数形式时，要用其复数形式men，women.
2. 房间里有多少人？
[误] How many peoples are there in the room？
[正] How many people are there in the room？
[析] people作“人、人们”解时，是个集合名词，其单复数同形。
3. 我想为我儿子买两瓶牛奶。
[误] I want to buy two bottle of milk for my son.
[正] I want to buy two bottles of milk for my son.
[析] 表示不可数名词的数量时，常用“a / an或数词 +表量的可数名词 + of + 不可数名词”这一结构， 其中当数词大于1时，表量的可数名词要用其复数形式。
[第二类] 动词类
4. 你妹妹通常什么时候去上学？
[误] What time does your sister usually goes to school？
[正] What time does your sister usually go to school？
[析] 借助助动词do（或does）构成疑问句或否定句时，句中的谓语动词用其原形。
5. 琳达晚上经常做作业，但今晚她在看电视。
[误] Linda often do her homework in the evening，but this evening she watching TV.
[正] Linda often does her homework in the evening，but this evening she is watching TV.
[析] 在初一英语学习阶段，我们接触到了两种主要时态：一般现在时和现在进行时。一般现在时表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常和often，usually，sometimes 等时间状语连用。在一般现在时的句子中，若主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词要用其第三人称单数形式。现在进行时表示现阶段正在进行或发生的动作，现在进行时由be（am / is / are） + ving形式构成。
6 这双鞋是红色的。
[误] This pair of shoes are red.
[正] This pair of shoes is red.
[析] 在shoes，trousers，gloves，glasses等表示成双成对的衣物或工具名词前用pair（表计量）修饰时，谓语动词的形式由pair的单复数形式来决定。
[第三类] 代词类
7. 这张票是她的，不是我的。
[误] This is hers ticket. It’s not my.
[正] This is her ticket. It’s not mine.
[析] 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词之后一定要接名词，而名词性物主代词之后不需接任何词。
8. 吴老师教我们英语。
[误] Miss Wu teaches our English.
[正] Miss Wu teaches us English.
[析] teach sb. sth.中的sb.作teach的宾语，因此当sb.为人称代词时要用其宾格形式。
[第四类] 介词类
9. 你能找到这个问题的答案吗？
[误] Can you find the answer of this question？
[正] Can you find the answer to this question？
[析] 英语中用“the answer to …”表示“……的答案”。类似结构还有the key to the door，the way to the zoo
10. 格林先生星期六上午来这里。
[误] Mr Green will come here in Sunday evening.
[正] Mr Green will come here on Sunday evening.
[析] 表示在上午、下午等时，介词要用in；而表示在具体的某天上午、下午时，介词要用on.
11. 那个穿着红裙子的小女孩是我们老师的女儿。
[误] That little girl on a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.
[正] That little girl in a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.
[析] 用介词表示“穿戴衣物”时，只能用in，其他介词没有此用法。
[第五类] 副词类
12. 莉莉，你为什么不回家呢？
[误] Lily，why don’t you go to home？
[正] Lily，why don’t you go home？
[析] come，go 等后接here，there，home等地点副词时，地点副词前不加to。
[第六类] 连词类
13. 我喜欢语文和英语，但我不喜欢体育和历史。
[误] I like Chinese and English，but I don’t like P.E.and history.
[正] I like Chinese and English，but I don’t like P.E.or history.
[析] 在肯定句中并列成分之间用and来连接；而在否定句中，并列成分之间的连接需用or。
[第七类] 冠词类
14. 乘飞机去北京花了史密斯一家人一个小时。
[误] It takes Smiths a hour to go to Beijing by a plane.
[正] It takes the Smiths an hour to go to Beijing by plane.
[析] 1．表示“……一家人”用结构“the + 姓氏复数”；
2．our 一词的第一个字母不发音，它是以元音音素开头的，所以“一小时”要用 an hour；
3．用介词by表示“乘坐”某种交通工具时，交通工具名词前不加任何冠词。
[第八类] 句法类
15. ??你不是学生吗？ ??不，我是学生。
[误] ??Aren’t you a student？ ??No， I am.
[正] ??Aren’t you a student？ ??Yes， I am.
[析] 对否定疑问句的回答是用Yes还是用No，这取决于实际情况：如果事实是肯定的，就用Yes表“不”；如果事实是否定的，就用No表“是的”。
中考真题练习
1. ? What about Mr. Black/'s speech?
?Wonderful! There were ____________ people there.
A. a large number of B. much
C. a great deal of D. lots
2. My uncle went to Australia last year. We haven/'t seen him_______.
A. since almost a year B. from almost a year on
C. after almost a year D. since almost a year ago
3. ? What would you like for _______ breakfast, Mr. Scott?
?Three pieces of bread with_______ cup of black tea, please.
A. a; a B.不填; the C. a; the D.不填；a
4. ? What are you looking for, Michelle?
?My cousin's MP3 player. It _______ right here, and now it's_______.
A. has been; gone B .was; gone C. was; going D. is; going
5. ? Can your brother make model airplane?
?Yes, this week he ______ a new model.
A. builds B. is built Chad built D. is building
6. Mr. White is of great help; you ______ let him go.
A .had not better B. had better don/' t
C. had better not D. had no better
7. My grandfather wants ______ around the world because he enjoys ______ new places.
A. travelling; seeing B. to travel; to see
C. to travel; seeing D. travelling; to see
8. Mr. Watson won’t be here next week, and______.
A. neither his wife will B. neither his wife won/' t
C. his wife won/' t neither D. his wife won/' t either
9. What about Sally? She/'s done her best these days;______?
A. hasn't she B. isn't Sally C. hasn't Sally D. isn't she
10. All the children like Mr. White very much because he often makes them______.
A. laughed B. laugh C. laughing D. to laugh
11. This is ______ that all of us believe it/' s very important.
A. such useful information B. so useful an information
C. so useful informations D. such a useful information
12. Mrs. Shute wouldn't leave the TV set, ______ her children were waiting for their supper.
A. if B. because C. even though D. as soon as
13. ---Could you lend me your dictionary? I left _______ at home.
---Certainly.
A. it B. yours C. one D. mine
14. My uncle used _______ a very good football player, but this was a long time ago.
A. to being B. being C. be D. to be
15. ---My car has broken down. Could you please give me a ride tomorrow?
---I’m sorry I ________. I’m leaving for London tonight.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. couldn’t D. shouldn’t
16. ---Is _______true that Americans eat hamburgers and hot dogs every day?
---No, that’s not true, but they are both very popular foods in America.
A. this B. anything C. it D. something
17. ---How well did you do in the maths exam?
---Better than before. I think it was _______ difficult than the last one.
A. more B. less C. much D. very
18. ______ Mrs Wilson came into the classroom, all the children welcomed her.
A. Whether B. As well as C. If D. As soon as
19. We didn’t have enough chairs, _______some of the students had to sit on the floor.
A. but B. so C. or D. and
20. ?Why couldn't you the correct spelling of the word?
?Err. . . I hadn't got a Chinese-English dictionary at hand.
A. look for B. look down C. look up D. look at
21. An old friend of my sister's always helps my brother and with English.
A. I; our B. me; ourselves C. I; my D. me; our
22. The letter from my uncle was short. There wasn't news.
A. many B. a few C. much D. few
23. ? I take some photos in the hall?
? No, you .
A. Can; needn't B. Must ; mustn'tC. Could; won't D. May; mustn't
24. If you carefully, you the report well.
A. will listen; will be understood
B. will listen; understand
C. listen; will understand
D. listen; understand
25. This is just between you and me. You _________tell anyone about this.
A. mustn't B. can C. should D. have not to
1. Tom is very pleased with the painting. Kate is very pleased with the painting, too. (合并为同一意思的简单句)
______Tom _______ Kate are very pleased with the painting.
2. The boy in white is Sue’s child. (就划线部分提问)
____________________ in white?
3. They enjoyed themselves at the garden party.
They at the garden party.
4. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it.
The ice on the lake was not enough people .
5. Tom's father came home. Tom began to do his homework.
Tom did not ___________________________________ his father came home.
6. Do more sports and you'll be healthier. ___________________________________, you'll be healthier.
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36～45各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。
Thousands of years ago, human didn't live in towns. Sometimes they would live in caves or build camps (宿营地) in the forest.
Only about thirty people 36 in each camp. The men would go hunting while the women and children 37 food from the trees around the camp. All the food was 38 between everyone in the group. Every few weeks they moved to another place to find more food. It was a simple life, but people had to be 39 They had to make everything that they needed, and they had to know a lot about plants and animals.
Nowadays most people live in towns and cities, and they work in offices and factories. Life is 40 than in the old days. There are fewer 41 , but there is less excitement. Some people go 42 excitements?sailing round the world, climbing mountains, or exploring caves. Most people look forward to the 43 , a time when they can enjoy a change from their normal life. For some this means going camping. But camping today is 44 from camping in the past. Gas cookers, ready-made food and air-beds mean people can camp much more 45 than they did in the old times.
1. A. lived B. talked C. came D. danced
2. A. planted B. collected C. watched D. bought
3. A. found B. used C. shared D. sold
4. A. polite B. kind C. careful D. clever
5. A. worse B. faster C. easier D. harder
6. A. dangers B. stories C. people D. animals
7. A. waiting for B. looking for C. turning on D. putting on
8. A. dreams B. gifts C. meals D. holidays
9. A. away B. different C. free D. far
10. A. slowly B. terribly C. comfortably D. hopefully
根据短文内容填入适当的单词，使短文的意思完整，每格限填写一个英语单词，要求开头第一个字母与所给的字母相同。在填写答案时，单词开头的第一个字母要写出来。
Dear Tom,
Are you surprised to hear from me? I have not heard from you s the beginning of the summer h . How are you getting on with your s ? How are your parents? Is your brother Bill b f Canada yet?
My stamp collection (集邮) is g bigger and bigger. I have collected stamps of more than forty d______ countries. In my stamp books, I usually put the stamps from each country together. I have got a pen-friend from Britain. She gave me some B____ stamps. My American teacher has given me some beautiful American and Canadian stamps. I'm glad to know you are going to give me some foreign stamps, but I still have not r_______ the stamps of Nepal which you said to p_____ me. Have you sent them off yet?
Please write to me soon.
1~5 ADDBD
6~10 CCDAB
11~15 ACDDA
16~20 CADBC
21~25 DCDCA
1. Both and
2. Whose child
3. had a good time
4. thick for to skate on it
5. do his homework until
6. If you do more sports
[文章大意]数千年前，人类住在洞穴里或在树林里宿营，男人 打猎，女人和孩子采集野果。所有的食物会在族群内共享。 每过几周就会迁徙到另一个食物更多的地方。为了生存，他 们必须学着更聪明，要制作自己需要的东西，要知道许多关于动植物的知识。现在人们大多数住在城镇，生活变简单了却 也更平淡了。有些人为了寻求刺激而去探险和登山。大多数 人在假期里去体验一种不一样的生活。他们也会宿营，但他们的装备和必需品使得宿营和数千年前相比要舒服许多。
36．A 37．B 38．C 39．D 40．C 41．A 42．B 43．D 44．B 45．C
1 since
2. holidays
3. sister/sisters
4. back
5. from
6. getting
7. different
8. Building
9. received
10. post
