Unit 6 By the time I got outside , the bus had already left（通用4篇）
Unit 6 By the time I got outside , the bus had already left 篇1
unit 10 by the time i got outside,the bus had already left. . learning objectives 教学目标skill focus▲narrate past events▲learn past perfect tense▲write and talk about a joke in the past▲learn to classify words into nouns, verbs and adjectives
languagefocus功能句式narrate past events（p76）by the time i got up, my brother had already gotten in the shower.by the time i got to the cinema, the movie had already begun. when i got to school, i realized i had left my backpack at home.词汇1.重点词汇rush, lock, empty, describe, farmer, marry2.认读词汇gotten, oversleep, ring, fool, costume, embarassed, announce, mars, convince, authority, relative, broke, exhausted, reveal, april fool’s day, panic, girlfriend, embarrassing, hoax, fled, spaghetti, thrill, ending, orson wells3. 词组go off, run off, on time, give sb. a ride, break down, show up, set off, get married, a piece of语法past perfect tense: by the time i got outside, the bus had already left.strategyfocus1. sequencing2. classifyingculture focuspunctuality.learn about april fool’s day. .teaching materials analyzing and rearranging 教材分析和重组1.教材分析本单元以“bad days”为话题,共设计了三个部分的内容：section a 该部分有4个模块：第一模块以讨论有关“morning”的两个问题(1a)引入单元话题，通过听力练习（1b）和对话练习（1c）让学生掌握一个过去完成时的句型；第二模块继续就第一模块的听力材料进行内容和时态练习（2a-2b）以及口语训练（2c）；第三模块以一个“hurried morning”的故事展开训练，训练形式为阅读排序（3a）和回答问题（3b）以及口语练习（3c）。section b该部分有4个模块：第一模块是词汇的学习（1a）与运用（1b）；第二模块围绕“april fool’s day”继续对过去完成时进行听力（2a-2b）和口语训练（2c）；第三模块继续围绕三个“stories”展开阅读（3a）和写作（3b-3c）训练；第四模块就“tell a funny story”展开小组活动，进行口语训练（4）。self check该部分有3个模块：第一模块以填空形式对所学词汇进行自我测试(1)；第二模块就“ming’s day”进行写作练习(2);第三个模块以“circle”的形式判断词汇类型(3)。2.教材重组和课时分配period 1 (section a: 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b, 2c)new function presenting period 2 (section a: 3a, 3b, 3c; section b: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c) practiceperiod 3 (section b: 3a, 3b, 3c, 4)reading and writingperiod 4 (self check: 1, 2, 3) integrating skillsiii. teaching plans for each periodstep i revision and lead-inask two or more ss to show their work.t: in the last unit, you were asked to write a passage about how to protect the environment using present perfect tense, such as have done / have been ... since / for ... now who’d like to display your project to the class? a sample version: as we all know, the environment is very important to us. we students should do our best to keep the world clean. i have never spat since two years ago. i often pick up some rubbish on the ground. and i have always put rubbish in a plastic bag since one year ago. i have collected things like bottles, plastic lunch boxes for 6 months. i have also tried to recycle some things, but it is really a hard job. anyway, i think i have made some contributions to the protection of our environment.t: you have done a good job. there is a chinese saying: 一日之际在于晨。in english, there is a similar saying: your morning thoughts may determine your conduct for the day. these sayings tell us about the importance of morning. that is to say, a well-organized morning will be followed by a good day. and if you get up late or oversleep, you may have a bad day. don’t you agree?ss: i agree. but it’s really difficult to get up early.t: what time do you usually get up in the morning? s1: i usually get up at six.t: that’s very early. when did you get up this morning?s1: i got up at half past six.t: oh! what happened?s1: my bother got in the shower. t: ok. by the time you got up, your brother had already gotten in the shower, right?write this sentence on the blackboard. by the time you got up, your brother had already gotten in the shower.t: what else happened? s1: my mother cooked in the kitchen.t: ok. by the time you got up, your mother had already cooked in the kitchen. write this sentence on the blackboard. by the time you got up, your mother had already cooked in the kitchen.t: what did you find when you got up this morning, s2?s2: my father had left home.t: so by the time you got up, your father had already left home.write the sentence on the blackboard.by the time you got up, your father had already left home.t: look at the three sentences on the blackboard. they contain the structure we are going to learn today ― past perfect tense structure. now will you give some sentences by using this structure? s: by the time i got to the cinema, the film had already begun.by the time i got to the bus station, the bus had already left.when i finally arrived there, she had already gone....t: good. you really did a great job. next, you’ll listen to tina telling her story in the morning. but before that, let’s look at the pictures on page 76. what can you see in the pictures?s1: i can see a girl getting up. i think she gets up later than usual because she looks worried.t: very good. what else can you see?s2: someone is taking a shower in the bathroom, so she has to wait.t: what else?s3: by the time she got to the bus stop, the bus had already left.t: very good. i am very glad that you used the structure we just learnt. thank you for your wonderful work.step ii listening listen to the tape and finish 1b.t: now let’s listen to the tape and see what happened to tina. i will play it twice. for the first time, try to get a general idea of her story. and for the second time, complete the sentences. play the tape and give the ss 2 minutes to finish the task. then check the answers.step iii pairwork (1c: p76)t: we heard tina telling us her story this morning. as we know, different people may have different mornings. then what about yours? pretend you are tina in the picture. look at the pictures above and tell your partners what happened to you this morning. first, who’d like to read the example in the box?ask two ss to read the example in 1c on page 76 first.t: now work in pairs. tell your partner what happened to you this morning. move around the classroom and check their work. offer language help if needed.after a few minutes.t: now who’d like to share your stories with us? sample dialogue 1:s1: what happened this morning?s2: i overslept. and by the time i got up, my brother had already finished his breakfast.sample dialogue 2:s3: what happened to you this morning?s4: well, i got up late. by the time i finished my breakfast, my mother had left home.step iv listening (2a, 2b, 2c: p77)t: from 1b and 1c we know that tina overslept and she could not take a shower on time. by the time she got up, her brother had already gotten in the shower. what do you think will happen after that?s1: i think she will have breakfast late.t: i think so too. what about you?s2: i think she will miss the bus.t: that’s really terrible. and what’s your idea?s3: i think she will be late for school and her teacher will be angry....t: well done. as we know, tina’s getting up late brought her a lot of trouble. we’d better get up early, so that we can get to school on time. now let’s listen to another material about tina and see what happened later. before we do this, let’s look at the pictures on page 77 first. what can you see in the pictures?s1: i can see tina is looking for her keys.s2: i can see she is rushing to school. i think she will be late.s3. by the time she got to school, class had already begun.t: now listen and find out what happened to tina. for the first time, just listen and get a general idea.play the recording for the first time.t: listen again and number the pictures in the correct order.play the recording for the second time.t: lisa, what’s your order?...check the answers.t: you’ll listen to the conversation again. this time fill in the blanks in 2b with the correct verb forms.play the recording again. after the ss fill the blanks, check the answers.t: after listening, we know that the teacher had already started teaching by the time tina walked into class. now make up an ending for the story and share it with the class. tell what happened to tina when she entered the classroom. sample endings: 1. when tina walked into class, the class had already begun. the teacher looked at tina and asked why she was late. her face turned red and told the teacher that she got up late and missed the bus and she had to walk to school. the teacher told her to get up earlier and never to be late again. 2. when tina rushed into class, the teacher had already started teaching. the teacher looked at tina and asked why she got to school late. she told her teacher that the traffic was heavy and it took her a long time to get to school. the teacher looked at her and said, “i believe you are a good and honest student.” tina’s face turned red and she realized she was wrong and told the truth to her teacher.step v grammar focus (p77)t: look at the grammar focus box on page 77. now who’d like to read the sentences to the class?ask a student to read the sentences in the box.t: well done. now we know that when we talk about things that happened before past events, we often use past perfect tense. well, do you know the differences between present perfect tense and past perfect tense?show the following to the ss.(1) she has taught english for 6 years.(2) “where is susan” “she has gone to america”.表示过去某时发生的动作，这动作可能刚刚停止,也可能还在进行。(1) she said she had taught english for 6 years.(2) by the time i got to london, she had gone to america.表示过去某时之前发生的动作。 point out the differences between the sentences above.t: from the above examples, we can see the differences between present perfect tense and past perfect tens. so we can reach the following conclusion:show the following to the ss.现在完成时: 主语 + have / has done过去完成时: 主语 + had donet: now read the following examples aloud. and observe how past perfect tense is used in them. and then translate them into chinese.show the following to the ss and ask them to read aloud.1. by the time she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home.2. by the time i woke up, my father had already been into the bathroom.3. when she got to the bus stop, the bus had already left.4. when the doctor arrived, the patient had died.t: who’d like to translate them into chinese? volunteer?s: 1. 她到学校以后才意识到把背包落在家里了。2. 我早上醒来的时候爸爸就已经在浴室洗澡了。3. 当她赶到车站的时候，车已经走了。4. 当医生赶到的时候，病人已经死了。t: good translations. now look at the following sentences on the screen. can you put them into english?show the following sentences on the screen.1. 到那时，他已经交了一些朋友。2. 到那时她已完成了那项任务。3. 在我见到她以前,她认识我哥哥已经两年了。4. 我到火车站时，火车已经开了。sample answers:1. by that time, he had already made some friends.2. by that time, she had already finished the job.3. she had known my brother for two years before i met her.4. when i got to the railway station, the train had already left.step vi homework
Unit 6 By the time I got outside , the bus had already left 篇2
初四英语教案unit 6 by the time i got outside , the bus had already left.授课内容section b1a-2c备课时间主备人签字课型new上课时间.授课人no.i learning aims1. learn the new words of this unit from“costume”to “a piece of ”.2. master the important language points in this part. what happened to dave on april fool’s day? embarrawwed, show up, stay up , go off, a costume partry,so--- that, announce, flee from, no more ,stop from doing set off invite sb. to do 3. master the past present perfect. ii important aims:aims 1-3iii difficult aims:aim3iv . teaching stepsstep 1 first, let the students read the words by themselves, then let some good students read them. then the teacher gives out the correct pronunciation. then several minutes for the students to write to see if they have remembered the words.step 2 listening :p44 2a, 2b first , let the students say out the answers, then give out the correct answers by the teacher.step 3 p45 3a give the ss several minutes to go through the passage first, then ask some students to translate the sentences into chinese. if they have any problem, let the ss discuss in groups. the teacher can explain the following language points.1. get dressed“穿衣”dress sb. / oneselt“给---穿衣，打扮”。 get / be dressed in +衣服或表颜色的词，意为“穿着---- 的衣服”, dress+副词或介词短语，意为“穿着----”eg: she dressed her baby every morning . get up and dress in white.2. in 1938, a radio program by actor orson welles announced that aliens from mar had landed on the earth.1)land“陆地” “地皮，地产”eg: this is my native land. the spaceship landed on the moon safely . the pilot landed the plane safely. 2)earth“地面，地球，土地； 土壤”the earth 是“地球”eg: we live on the earth.the spaceship returned to the earth.3. welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story , and panic set off across the whole country. across 与throughacross 是个介词，“横过；穿过”through是“穿过； 从---- 中通过”eg: please don’t go across the street because it is very busy. i’d like to trek through the jungle .4. he asked her to marry him. marry 在大多数情况下是及物动词， 在有副词修饰时可作不及物动词。“和某人结婚”不能用with,而用to .也可以什么介词都不用，但要注意句型的搭配。eg: when did she get married? she married very early. she married a doctor. they have been married for ten years.5. however, when she said “yes” , he replied“april fool!”在一些疑问句的后面加上ever,表示“无论---； 不管---”常用来引导一个让步状语从句，相当于no matter+相应的疑问词。however=no matter how, wherever= no matter where , whatever= no matter what, whenever= no matter when.eg: she always goes swimming, however cold it is. wherever he may be, he will be happy. i will go with you, ________ i’m busy. a. whatever b. whenever c. wherever d. howeverthen read the 3a passage on p45 , over and over again. let the students master the important phrases and sentences.step4 class exercises(配套练习册p73i, p77 iv.viii summing up________________________________iv homework_________________________________v notes for teaching_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________二次备课二次备课
Unit 6 By the time I got outside , the bus had already left 篇3
一.学习目标（language goal）
1.learn to narrate past events.学会描述过去所发生的事情。
2.learn to express something with past perfect tense. 学习使用过去完成时态。
3.strengthen the consciousness of doing things regularly.做事加强连续性，有条不紊。
二.语言结构（language structures）
1.past perfect tense 过去完成时
2.“by the time”和“when”引导的时间状语从句
三.目标语言（target language）
1.by the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.
2.by the time she went outside, the bus had already gone
3.by the time she got to class, the teacher had already started teaching.
4.when she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home
5.have you ever overslept?
6.have you ever been late for school?
四.重点词组（key phrases）
1.by the time 到…时候为止
2.get outside 到外边
3.get to school 到学校
4.get up 起床
5.get into the shower 去洗澡
6.get home 到家
7.start doing / to do sth 开始做某事
8.be late for 迟到
9.go off （闹钟）闹响
10.wake up 醒来
11.come out 出来，出现
12.run off 迅速离开，跑掉
13.on time 准时
14.in time 及时
15.come by （走）过来
16.give sb a ride 让某人搭车
17.break down 损坏，坏掉
18.show up 出席，露面
19.stay up 熬夜
20.a costume party 一个化装舞会
21.sth happen to sb 某事发生在某人身上
22.so …that … 如此…以至于
23.set off 出发，开始
24.april fool's day 愚人节
25.get married 结婚
26.marry sb 与某人结婚
27.both …and … 二者…都…
28.get dressed 穿好衣服
29.on the first day 在第一天
五.语法重点（grammar focus）
1.past perfect tense 过去完成时
构成：had＋过去分词（had没有人称和数的变化）
过去完成时可以表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或呈现的状态。也就是说发生在“过去的过去”。既然过去完成时的动作发生在过去某一时间之前，那么，使用过去完成时就必须先有这样一个过去的时间。
eg.i had finished my homework before supper.
我在晚饭前把作业做完了。
句中的supper既是过去某一时间，而had finished 这一动作就是在supper 之前完成的。如果只说i had finished my homework.听者会觉得难以理解。由此可见，过去完成时是个相对的时态，它不能离开过去的时间而独立存在。
eg.by the end of that year henry had collected more than one thousand foreign stamps.
到那年年底，亨利已经收集了一千多张外国邮票。（过去时间是the end of that year）
eg.when we got there, the football match had already started.
当我们到那里时，足球比赛已经开始了。（过去时间是when从句）
动词过去分词的构成与一般过去式的构成相似，一般情况下在动词词尾加－ed，特殊动词须特殊记忆，如：have―had―had，get―got―gotten，begin―began―begun，leave―left―left，go―went―gone等。例如：
she had learnt english words by the end of last month.
到上个月末，她已经学了XX个英语单词了。
i hadn't learnt japanese before i went to japan.
我去日本之前没学过日语。
注意：过去完成时的否定句和疑问句直接通过had的变化即可。
2.when 和by the time引导的时间状语从句
by the time 到……时候为止，指从过去某一点到，从句所示的时间为止，这一时间段。when当……时候，指过去的某一时间点。从句用一般现在时，主句为过去完成时。
eg.by the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.
到她起床的时候，她的弟弟已经去洗澡间了。
by the time she went outside, the bus had already gone
到她走到外面的时候，公共汽车已经走了。
when she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home
当她到学校的时候，她意识到她把书包放在家里了。
（在这句话中，过去的时间点为“到校”的时候，“她把书包放在家里”则发生在“过去的过去”。）
3.how to narrate past events.如何描述过去的事件
描述过去的事件，首要注意一点是时态。由于事情发生在过去，因此一定要用过去的某种时态。但如果是直接引语（如在双引号之内），则根据当时的情况来决定。
表示过去的时态有：
（1）一般过去时：结构：动词的过去式
（2）过去进行时：结构：was / were ＋现在分词
（3）过去完成时：结构：had＋过去分词
（4）过去将来时：结构：would＋动词原形
请看例文1：
it was sunday.i went to a pool to fish.i thought there must be some fish for me to catch.i held my fishing pole, waiting patiently.suddently a big fish was caught.i was glad and put it into my little basket.before long my sister camewithout a word she put back the fish into the water.i was astonished.i really thought she became mad.she ordered me to put down the fishing pole and led me to a place not far away.there stood a sign, reading”no fishing”.i realized that i was making a mistake
（注意观察文中时态的应用）
例2：请大声朗读section a 3a，并找出其中用到的时态。
六.疑难解析（key points）
1.get to 意为“到达”。例如：
when did you get there last night?
你昨晚什么时候到那儿的？
i get home at 7:00 every day.
我每天7:00到家。
when i got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。
辨析：get, arrive与reach
这三个词都可以用来表示“到达”，但是用法不同。
（1）get和arrive都是不及物动词，其后只能跟表示地点的副词，若是跟名词则须再加介词，即get to ＋地点名词，arrive in / at ＋地点名词（in 之后跟表示大地方的词，at之后跟表示小地方的词）。若是只说“到达”，而不指出到达哪里，则只能用arrive。例如：
how did you get / arrive there?
你怎么到那儿的？
i got to / arrived in beijing the day before yesterday.
我前天到的北京。
when do you often get to / arrive at school?
你经常什么时候到校？
when will you arrive?
你什么时候到？
（2）reach为及物动词，其后既可跟名词也可跟副词。例如：
i reached beijing the day before yesterday.
我前天到的北京。
we reached here on foot.
我们步行到这儿的。
2.关于get的词组小结
在本单元出现大量关于get的词组，要注意背诵：
get to school 到学校
get into the shower 去洗澡
get outside 到外边
get home 到家
get up 起床
get married 结婚
get dressed 穿好衣服
get to class 到班级
get bored 变得无聊
get tired 变得疲劳
3.i've never been late for school, but yesterday i came very close
我上学从未迟到过，但是昨天差一点儿就迟到了。
（1）i've 是i have的缩写，have been late是现在完成时态，现在完成时是指一个动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能继续下去，而且对现在产生了一定的影响，其构成是have / has＋动词过去分词。例如：
i have been here since 1999.
自1999年以来我就在这儿。
we have lived in jinan for 20 years.
我们已经在济南住了20年了。
she hasn't worked for 2 years.
她已2年不工作了。
（2）be late for 意为“……迟到”，for为介词，所以其后须跟名词。例如：
don't be late for the meeting.
开会别迟到了。
jim was late for school again.
吉姆上学又迟到了。
tom has been late for classes twice.
汤姆上课已经迟到两次了。
（3）close在此为副词“接近地，靠近地”。此外came very close意为“到时与迟到很接近”。
4.my alarm clock didn't go off, … 闹钟没有大响……
go off 意为“爆发，大响”。例如：
although the alarm clock went off, he didn't wake up.虽然闹钟大响，但是他还是没有醒来。
与go有关的词组还有：
（1）go in for“参加”（竞赛、考试）；（作为嗜好、工作）“爱好”。例如：
she goes in for bird－watching.她爱好赏鸟。
（2）go on“进行，继续”。例如：
please go on.请继续。
（3）go on doing sth 或go on with sth“继续做……”。例如：
he went on working without having a rest.
他一直工作，没停下来休息过。
（4）go over“调查，视察；越过”。例如：
you must go over your lessons before the exam.
考试前你必须复习。
5.…and i had to wait for him to come out.……我不得不等他出来。
（1）have to 意为“必须，不得不”。例如：
do you have to take the test?
你必须考试吗？
tom has to practice speaking chinese every day.
汤姆每天必须练习讲汉语。
辨析：have to 与must
这两个词都可以表示“必须”。have to 更加强调客观原因，而must则强调主观原因；含有have to 的句子在作句型转换时须借助于助动词do，does或did，而must本身是情态动词，进行句型转换时可以直接通过must改变。例如：
it is raining, we have to stay at home.
天在下雨，我们不得不待在家里。
we must work hard.
我们必须努力工作。
lucy doesn't have to stand.
露茜不必站着。
you mustn't play in the street.
你不能在街道上玩。
（2）wait 是不及物动词“等待，等候”的意思。可以用于词组wait for sb.“等某人”，wait to do sth.“等着做某事”，wait for sb to do sth.“等某人做某事”。例如：
who are you waiting for?
你在等谁？
they can't wait to open the presents.
他们迫不及待地打开礼物。
you can wait for him to help you.
你可以等着他帮你。
6.unfortunately, by the time i got there, the bus had already left.
不幸的是，我到那儿的时候，公交车已经走了。
unfortunately 是副词“不幸地”，是由fortunately加否定前缀“un”构成的。英语中有一部分词在词首或词尾加上前缀或后缀就可以变成另外一个词。如：lucky（幸运的）－unlucky（不幸的），use（用）－useful（有用的），forget（忘记）－forgetful（健忘的），un作前缀表示“not”的含义，即“un”是一个否定前缀。例如：fit（合适的）－unfit（不合适的），fair （公平的）－unfair（不公平的），known（闻名的）－unknown（不闻名的）等。
7.luckily, my friend tony and his dad came by in his dad's car and they gave me a ride.
幸运的是，我的朋友托尼和他爸爸坐着他爸爸的车经过，他们让我搭了个便车。
（1）come by 意为“经过，走过；获得，获有”。例如：
please let the car come by.
请让车过去。
good jobs are not easy to come by.
好工作不容易找到。
与come有关的其他词组：
<1>come out”出来；开花；出版”。例如：
the moon has come out.
月亮出来了。
it's too cold for the flowers to come out.
天太冷了，花不开了。
<2>come about”发生，产生”。例如：
tell me how the accident came about.
告诉我事情是怎么发生的。
<3>come across“（偶然）发现……，遇见……”。例如：
i came across his name on the list.
我无意中在名单上发现他的名字。
<4>come after”继……之后，接……而来”。例如：
sunday comes after saturday.
星期天在星期六之后。
<5>come back”回来”。例如：
when did he come back?
他什么时候回来的？
<6>come to oneself”苏醒，醒过来”。例如：
at last, he came to himself.
最后他醒了。
<7>come from”来自”。例如：
julia comes from australia.
朱莉娅来自澳大利亚。
（2）give sb a ride 意为“让某人搭便车”。ride在此为名词“搭车，乘车”的意思。get a ride 意为“搭便车”。例如：
can you give me a ride, jack?
杰克，能让我搭个便车吗？
i want to get a ride.
我想搭个便车。
8.i only just made it to my class.我恰好到教室。
make it 意为“成功了，做成了”。这里指的是没有迟到，准时到达。例如：
－have you got the job?
－你得到那份工作了吗？
－yes, i made it.
－是的，我成功了。
9.have you ever forgotten to bring your homework to school?
你曾忘了把作业带到学校吗？
（1）辨析：forget to do 与forget doing
forget to do 指的是“忘了去做……”，即该事还未做；而forget doing 则指“忘了做了……”，即该事已经做完。例如：
don't forget to turn off lights when you go out.
出去时别忘了关灯。
sorry, i forgot to bring the books again.
对不起，我又忘了带书来了。
lucy forgot locking the door.
露茜忘了已锁了门了。
tom forgot turning off tv.
汤姆忘了关了电视了。
（2）辨析：bring, take
bring 意为“把……拿来，取来”。即把某物从别处拿到说话者所在地；take 意为“把……拿走，取走”，即把某物从说话者所在地拿到别处。例如：
please bring my english book here.
请把我的英语书拿到这儿来。
you can't take these magazines home.
你不能把这些杂志拿回家。
10.what happened to david on april fool's day?
愚人节那天，大卫出什么事了吗？
（1）happen to sb 意为“某人怎么了，发生在某人身上”。例如：
what happened to you?
你怎么了？
what happened to jim?
吉姆出什么事了？
（2）英语中表示节日时须注意以下几点：
<1>表示“在……节”用介词on；
<2>表示节日的每个词的首字母大写；
<3>用day来表示“节”，且无冠词；
<4>一般用复数名词的所有格，如：teachers' day 教师节，children's day 儿童节，women's day 妇女节等；但也有用单数名词所有格的，如：mother's day 母亲节，father's day 父亲节等。例如：
do you often go to parks on children's day?
你们儿童节经常去公园吗？
what do you usually do on new year's day?
新年你们通常干什么？
do your friends play jokes on you on april fool's day?
你的朋友愚人节跟你开玩笑吗？
11.welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story, and panic set off across the whole country.
welles 是如此地让人信任，以致于成百上千的人都相信了这个故事，进而激起了全国性的恐慌。
（1）so …that…句型中，so后面应加一个形容词或副词，意为“如此……以至于……”
eg.this book is so interesting that everyone in our class wants to read it.
这本书是如此的有趣以至于全班同学都想看看。（so＋形容词）
he ran so fast that i couldn't catch up with him.
他跑得那么快，以致于我跟不上他。（so＋副词）
so…that引导的是表示结果的状语从句，但不“一定要死套”“如此……以至于”的模式来译成汉语。
eg.it was so dark that he couldn't see the faces of his companions.
天太黑了，他不能看见同伴的脸。
（2）so that 主要用来引导目的状语从句。其从句中的谓语动词通常和can，may，should等情态动词连用，而且主句和从句之间不使用逗号，意为“以便，使能够”。
eg.they set out early so that they might arrive in time
他们早早地出发以便按时到达。
let's take the front seats so that we may see more clearly.
我们坐在前排吧，以便可以看得更清楚。
（3）set off 意为“出发，开始；引爆；衬托”。例如：
they'll set off on a journey around the world.
他们将要出发环球旅行。
use blue eye－shadow to set off your green eyes.
用蓝色眼影衬托你的绿眼睛。
与set有关的其他词组：
<1>set about sth.“开始，着手”。例如：
i must set about my packing.
我必须开始收拾行装了。
<2>set sb.against sb.“使某人和某人竞争、对抗”。例如：
set yourself against her.
跟她竞争。
<3>set in”开始”。例如：
the rainy season has set in.
雨季已开始了。
<4>set out”出发，启程”。set sth out”展示，陈列”。例如：
they set out at dawn.
他们在拂晓出发。
he sets out his ideas clearly in his essay.
他在这篇文章中明确地列出了他的观点。
<5>set up”建立，设立”。例如：
the memorial will be set up.
纪念碑要建成了。
12.…because the spaghetti farmers in italy had stopped growing spaghetti.
……因为生产意大利面条的农民停止了生产。
辨析：stop doing 与stop to do
stop doing 指的是“停止做”，即不做了；而stop to do 则是指“停下来去做”，即停下来的目的是去做，也就是开始做。例如：
stop talking, let's begin our class.
不要讲话了，我们开始上课。
you are too fat and you must stop eating too much.
你太胖了，你不能吃那么多了。
please stop to listen to me
请停下来听我说。
the mother stopped to look after her baby.
那位母亲停下来去照顾她的小宝宝。
13.she was thrilled, because she really wanted to get married.
她震惊了，因为她的确想结婚。
（1）thrill为动词“震颤，使激动”，多用于被动语态be thrilled，表示“很感动，受到震颤的”。例如：
we were thrilled with joy.
我们高兴极了。
she thrilled at the good news.
她听到那个好消息很兴奋。
（2）want在此为动词“想，想要”，其后可跟名词、代词或动词不定式to do。例如：
do you want an ice－cream?
你想要个冰激凌吗？
i want some bread and milk.
我想要些面包和牛奶。
tom wants to learn to play chinese chess.
汤姆想学下中国象棋。
does lucy wants to learn to dance?
露茜想学跳舞吗？
（3）marry为动词“嫁，娶，结婚”。表示“嫁给某人”或“娶了某人”都可以用marry sb。
另外，词组get married 意为“结婚”，但这是一个非延续性动词，即它不能跟表示一段时间的词连用。be married 也可以用来表示“结婚”，它是一个延续性词组，可以与表示一段时间的词连用。例如：
john is going to marry jane
约翰要和简结婚了。
henry didn't marry until he was over fifty.
亨利直到过了50岁才结婚。
when are you going to get married?
你准备什么时候结婚？
we have been married for ten years.
我们已经结婚十年了。
his uncle will get married next month.
他叔叔下个月结婚。
14.are there any english words than chinese people use when they speak to each other?
有中国人互相交谈时用的英语单词吗？
辨析：speak, talk, say, tell
（1）这四个词都有“说”的意思。
（2）speak一般指“说某种语言”，即其后的宾语只能是表示语言的词。例如：
can you speak french?
你会讲法语吗？
what language do they speak?
他们讲哪种语言？
（3）talk一般指“谈论”，本身为不及物动词，可以用于词组talk about sth with sb.
“与某人谈论某事”，也可用于talk to sb.“跟某人说话”。例如：
what are you talking about?
你们在讨论什么？
who were you talking with just now?
你刚才在跟谁说话？
i want to talk about english study with you.
我想跟你讨论一下英语学习的事。
（4）say为及物动词“说”，其后一般须指出说的内容。例如：
what did you say?
你说什么？
it says”no parking”.上面写着“不许停车”。
she'd like to say goodbye to us.
她想来跟我们道别。
（5）tell“告诉”，为及物动词，其后须跟双宾语，即用于tell sth.to sb.或tell sb.sth.“告诉某人某事”。例如：
can you tell me a story?
你能给我讲个故事吗？
who told you the news?
谁告诉你这个消息的？
15.today one in four people, or a quarter of the world's population uses english, …
当今四个人中得有一个人，或者说世界上四分之一
Unit 6 By the time I got outside , the bus had already left 篇4
unit 10 by the time i got outside, the bus had already left.
一. 教学内容：
unit 10 by the time i got outside, the bus had already left.
【学习目标】
1. 通过本单元的学习，掌握过去完成时态的用法，特别是与一般过去时态和现在完成时态的区别。
2. 合理安排自己的学习和生活，守时守信。
二、教学重点难点：
过去完成时态的用法及本模块中的一些重点短语
三、重点词和短语
1. by the time 到……时候
2. get dressed 穿衣服
3. run all the way to school 一路跑向学校
4. leave +物+地点 把某物落在某地
【即学即用】
he his umbrella in the train.
a. leave b. left c. forgot d. forget
5. no wonder 难怪
6. run back to school 跑回学校
7. start doing / to do 开始做某事
8. go off 发出响声
【即学即用】
in the morning, i didn’t hear my alarm clock .
a. going off b. went off c. go off d. to go off
9. wait for sb. to do sth. 等待某人做某事
10. run off / away 跑掉 离开
11. unfortunately 不幸地
luckily 幸运地
【即学即用】
, he didn’t pass the english exam again.
a. luckily b. fortunately c. unfortunately d. unfortunate
12. on time 准时
in time 及时
【即学即用】
people to the meeting all arrived here .
a. in time b. on time c. after time d. for time
13. give sb a ride 让某人搭便车
【即学即用】
he walked me and asked where i was going and told me that they offered to .
a. by; give me a ride b. off; give me rides
c. by; give me some feet d. through; give me a walking make it
14. break down 出故障
【即学即用】
my bike on my way to school, so i had to walk there.
a. broke out b. broke in c. broke down d. broke away
15. show up 出席；露面
【即学即用】
he didn’t until supper was nearly over.
a. show off b. show up c. show round d. show in
16. stay up late 熬夜到很晚
stay up all night studying 熬夜学习
17. costume party 化妆舞会
18. happen to sb 某人发生了什么事
happen to do 碰巧做某事
19. set off 激起
set off=set out 出发/起程
【即学即用】
his action a heated argument.
a. set out b. set up c. set off d. set free
20. across the whole country 遍及整个城市
21. thousands of 成千上万
22. flee-fled-fled 逃离
flee from + 地点 从某地逃离
flee away 逃离/逃跑
23. sell out 卖光
24. marry sb=get/be married to sb 和某人结婚
四、重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. i started walking, but i knew i couldn’t get to school on time. 我开始步行，但我知道我已经不能按时到达学校了。（section a, 3a）
(1)start to do sth.和start doing sth都表示“开始做某事”，常可相互替换。
at the age of 12, he started writing his own newspaper.
= at the age of 12, he started to write his own newspaper.
他十二岁时，开始编写自己的报纸。
(2)on time在本句中意为“准时，按规定的时间不早也不迟”。
li ming’s father seldom goes work on time. 李明的父亲很少准时上班。
the party began on time that evening. 晚会在那天晚上准时举行。
知识拓展：
time表示“……次/倍”时，是可数名词，其复数形式为times。
how many times did you see the movie? 那部电影你看了几遍？
i have four times as many books as you.我的书是你的4倍。
特别提示：
in time意为“及时”。
i will try my best to finish it in time. 我会尽力及时完成。
will you be home in time to see the children before they go to bed?
你来得及在孩子们上床睡觉之前赶回家看看他们吗？
短语链接：
all the time始终、总是, at any time在任何时候, at the same time同时, from time to time偶尔, have a good/bad time过得快乐/不快乐, in no time立刻, many a time屡次, at times有时, take one’s time慢慢来/别着急, the times《泰晤士报》（英国一大报）, two times three 2乘以3
2. when i got to school, the final bell was ringing. i only just made it to my class. 我到学校的时候，上课铃正在响。我刚好正点赶到教室上课。（section a, 3a）
(1) final bell在此处作“上课铃”解，有时也写为second bell，而“预备铃”则表示为first bell。
(2) made it在这里表示“到达、赶上”的意思。
you can make it if you hurry. 如果你快一点的话，就会按时赶到的。
3. welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story, and panic set off across the whole country. welles的话是如此具有说服力，以至于成百上千人相信了他的话，全国处于一片恐慌之中。（section b, 3a）
(1)so...that在这里引导结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”，so强调形容词或副词，that后面接从句，常用于下面的结构中：
例如：
the computer is so useful that each of us wants to buy one.
计算机太有用了，我们每个人都想买一台。
he ran so fast that we couldn’t catch up with him. 他跑得太快，我们追不上他。
he had so many falls that he could ride a bike at last.
他摔了很多跤，终于学会了骑车。
there’s so much noise in the meeting room that i can’t hear the speaker clearly.
会议室里的噪音太大，我听不清演讲者的发言。
知识拓展：
so...that句型转换的四种方法：
◎当从句的主语与主句中的主语一致，且that从句是否定式时，常用too...to...转换。
the little girl was so tired that she couldn’t walk farther.
=the little girl was too tired to walk farther.
这个小女孩太累了，她不能再走更远的路了。
◎当从句的主语与主句中的主语不一致，且that从句是否定式时，常用too...for sb to do sth转换。
the work is so difficult that we can’t finish it in time.
=the work is too difficult for us to finish it in time.
这份工作太难了，我们不能按时完成。
◎当从句的主语与主句中的主语一致，且that从句是肯定式时，常用...enough to do sth转换。
he is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.
=he is strong enough to lift the heavy box.他强壮得足以举起那个重箱子。
◎当从句的主语与主句中的主语不一致，且that从句是肯定式时，常用...enough for sb to do sth转换。
he spoke so clearly that i could hear him.
=he spoke clearly enough for me to hear him.他说得很清楚，我能听明白。
特别提示：
so that连在一起使用，意为“为了，以便”，表示目的，此时主句和从句的主语不一定一致；另外，还可以引导结果状语从句，前面一般用逗号。
speak louder so that we can hear you. 你说大声点儿，以便我们能听得见。
she was ill, so that she was unable to go with you. 她病了，不能和你一起去了。
相关链接：
such也表示“如此……以至于……”，但such强调名词，常用于下面的结构中：
例如：
he is such a little boy that i can’t believe him.
= he is so little a boy that i can’t believe him.
他是如此小的一个孩子，以至于我不能相信他说的话。
it was such bad weather that we had to stay at home. 天气如此恶劣我们只好呆在家里。
【即学即用】
⑴―jack, you look tired today. what’s wrong?
―i was busy i didn’t go to bed until midnight yesterday.
a. too; to b. enough; to c. so; that d. such; that
⑵it’s that we had to stay at home all day.
a. such hot weather b. so hot weather c. such a hot weather d. so hot a weather
（2）动词短语set off在本句中是“引起、激起”的意思。
a letter from home set off an attack of homesickness.
一封家书激起了一片思乡之情。
特别提示：
set off在作“出发、动身”解时,与set out意思相同。
it was raining when we set off/out. 我们出发时,天还下着雨。
4. one april fool’s day, a reporter in england announced that there would be no more spaghetti because the spaghetti farmers in italy had stopped growing spaghetti. 一个愚人节，有位英国记者宣称以后不会再有意大利式细面条可以吃了，因为意大利的农民已经停止生产这种细面条了。（section b, 3a）
there would be是there be的过去将来时，意为“过去将有”。
知识拓展：
过去将来时由“would+动词原形”构成，表示从过去某个时间看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句中。
the students didn’t know where they would go tomorrow.
同学们不知道明天要去哪儿。
nobody knew where he would go. 没人知道他要去哪里。
◎过去将来时也常可用“was/were+going to+动词原形”表示。
she said that she was going to speak at the meeting.她说她要在大会上发言。
li ping said that she was going to visit her aunt in the town the next sunday.
李萍说她下个星期日要去拜访住在城里的姑姑。
5. she was thrilled, because she really wanted to get married. 她很激动，因为她真的想结婚。（section b, 3a）
(1)thrilled是形容词，意为“非常激动的、非常兴奋的”，常用来说明一个人的心情。
he was thrilled when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息时很激动。
she was thrilled and shy when she heard “i love you” from her boy friend.
当她听到她男朋友说“我爱你”的时候，她很激动也很害羞。
(2)get married是固定短语，意为“结婚”，表示动作；而be married表示状态，意为“结婚了”，这两个短语都可以和介词to连用。
she’s married to my brother. 她嫁给了我哥哥。
they’re saving up to get married. 他们储钱准备结婚。
魔力纠错：
他和我的一个朋友结了婚。
误：he was married with a friend of mine.
正：he was married to a friend of mine.
魔力解析：
当表示“与……结婚”时，marry用作及物动词，其后接介词to，而不能用with。
特别提示
marry是短暂性动词，当表示“结婚多长时间”时，要用be married。
lucy married robert two years ago.
= lucy has been married to robert for two years. 露茜和罗伯特结婚两年了。
知识拓展：
◎问某人“婚否”时应说are you married?或is he married？等；如果“未婚”，可以说i’m single.。
◎问某人“何时结的婚”应说when were you married?或when did you get married?。
【即学即用】
⑴―when did you ?
―i’ve for two months.
a. get married; been married b. be married; been married
c. get married; got married d. get married; married
⑵his daughter is going to be married an engineer.
a. with b. for c. to d. /
五、语法：
“过去完成时”闯关
★过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，它是一种相对的时态，即其相对于一般过去时，没有一般过去时就没有过去完成时，如图解：
★过去完成时由“助动词had（had用于各种人称）+ 动词的过去分词”构成
【第1关】用动词的正确时态填空：
by the time he was ten, he (set) up a lab of his own.
【融会贯通】表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作，可以用by, before, by the end of等介词短语或by the time引导一个时间状语从句来表示。应填写：had set。
又如：i had seen you before you saw me. 在你看到我之前，我早已看到你了。
【第2关】用动词的正确时态填空：
he said she (work) in a foreign company for five years before she (become) an english teacher.
【融会贯通】在宾语从句中，主句谓语动词为一般过去时（said, asked, told），从句用过去完成时，此时从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之前。应填写：had worked; became。
又如：the teacher asked me what had happened to me.老师问我发生了什么事。
【第3关】改错：
when we got there, the movie had begun for almost twenty minutes.
【融会贯通】表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去某一时间的动作或状态。常与for引导的一段时间连用。
注意：此时谓语动词只能用延续性动词。所以句中had begun应改为had been on。
又如：i had worked for three hours when he called. 当他打电话时，我已经工作了三个小时了。
【第4关】用动词的正确时态填空：
paul helped me repair the bike that i (ride) for two years.
【融会贯通】在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。应填写：had ridden。
又如：i returned the books that i had borrowed last week. 我已经还了上周借的书。
【第5关】用动词的正确时态填空：
i didn’t get to the airport until the plane (take) off.
【融会贯通】由连词after, until引导的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的，那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。应填写：had taken。
【第6关】翻译填空：
我很快冲了个澡，吃了点早饭，然后迅速向车站跑去。
i a quick shower, some breakfast, and then off to the bus stop.(见section a, 3a)
【融会贯通】区别过去完成时与一般过去时
两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间，试比较：
by yesterday morning, i had called you ten times. 到昨天上午，我已经给你打了十个电话了。
i called you yesterday morning. 昨天上午我给你打的电话。
2. 当两个或两个以上的动作接连发生时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时。应填写：took, had, ran。
又如：she took up her schoolbag, locked the door and went to school by bike. 她拿起书包，锁上门，然后骑着自行车去上学了。
【闯关练习】
i. 下列各句中均有一处错误，找出并改正。
1. when we got there, the movie had begun for almost ten minutes.
2. he said he has finished his homework already.
3. how long was your father worked in that firm before he came here?
4. by the time you rang me, all my homework had done.
5. i met han mei yesterday. i have never met her since we left school
ii. 用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. i thought we (meet) each other before.
2. we (learn) 3,000 words by the end of last year.
3. he told me that he (have) a cold for three days.
4. mr smith (finish) his work, so he left for home.
5. i (receive) a letter from my friend yesterday. we (not hear) from each other since .
参考答案：
i 1.begun →been on 2. has →had 3. was→ had 4. had done→ had been done 5. have →had
ii. 1. had met 2. had learned / learnt 3. had had 4. had finished 5. received; hadn’t heard
中考聚焦：
考点1. make it
―math is difficult for me. how i wish to improve it!
―don’t lose your confidence. i believe you will it if you keep trying.（湖北宜昌）
a. take b. work c. pick d. make
【要点简析】make it意为“做好；做到；做成功”或“及时到达”。选 d。
考点2. leave sth. + 地点
this morning i went to work in such a hurry that i the key in my office at home. （山东青岛）
a. forgot b. left c. missed d. lost
【要点简析】“leave sth. + 地点”表示“把某物忘在某处”。选b。
考点3. stay up
―don’t too late, or you will feel tired in class.
―i won’t, mum. （四川内江）
a. stand up b. stay up c. wake up d. get up
【要点简析】stay up 意为“熬夜；不睡觉”。 stand up意为“起立”； wake up意为“唤醒”；get up意为“起床”；选b。
考点4. 过去完成时
by the end of last year, we the work. （内蒙古乌兰察布）
a. has finished b. had finished c. have finished d. finish
【要点简析】由介词短语by the end of last year 可知，该句应用过去完成时。选b。
考点5. announce
根据汉语提示写单词：the vote was completed. the teacher （宣布）the result.（江苏苏州）
【要点简析】announce是及物动词，意为“宣布；公布；发布；通告”，其名词形式为 announcement。应填写：announced。
考点6. so… that …
she worked so quietly no one knew she was there. （浙江杭州）
a. which b. after c. as d. that
【要点简析】so… that… 如此……以至……，so后面接形容词或副词，that之后接从句。选d。
