英语作文结尾段一定要紧扣主题，最好还能有所升华，结尾一定要简洁有力，意味隽永，切勿拖泥带水。
8年级上册政治知识点 1
第二课 我与父母交朋友
1.产生烦恼的原因：(或两代人产生隔阂的原因)
①小时候，我们对父母依附、崇拜。进入青春期后，我们有了自己的思想，开始独立行事，渴望从家长那里拿到“解放证书”，渴望父母像对待大人那样对待我们，甚至挑战父母的权威。我们与父母之间产生了矛盾。
②父母对我们的关爱没变，只是要求更加严格，免不了多叮嘱几句，在我们听不进时，就觉得家长唠叨、啰嗦。于是，我们与父母之间就产生了矛盾。
③我们与父母的人生经历、生活经验、社会地位不同，对社会规范的熟悉程度也不同，在生活态度、价值观念、兴趣爱好、行为方式等方式难免产生较大差异。
2.逆反心理有危害
(1)逆反心理产生的表现
具体表现为：要我这样、我偏要那样；你说这个好，我非说那个好；让我相信这个，我非相信那个不可。
(2)辨证看待逆反心理 P21、P22
⑶逆反心理的危害
在多数情况下，逆反心理导致的与父母的对抗，其结果都是既惩罚了自己又伤害了父母。
3.架起理解的桥梁(怎样与父母沟通？)
(1)在家中，父母与子女之间容易产生矛盾积极的做法是从现实中架起理解的桥梁。我们做子女的，要走进父母，亲近父母、努力化解矛盾，与父母携手同行。
(2)程序：冷静—商量—找出分歧----解决方法 (P24正文前三句)
(3)我们与父母进行沟通，彼此了解是前提，尊重理解是关键。理解父母的有效方法是换位思考，沟通结果要求同存异。
(4)与父母交往的艺术：
①赞赏父母，赞赏中增进亲情。
②认真聆听，聆听中获得教益。
③帮助父母，用行动感动亲人。
④在家庭交往中，与父母不必太计较。即使父母错了，也要多原谅，不要非与父母争个高低上下。
8年级上册第一单元英语作文 2
My first day in college was frustrating at first while pleasantly surprising at the end.
The new campus was quite different from what I dreamed of. Actually it was as big as my high school. Besides instead of huge buildings, there were only some small ones. Although it took me some time to make my decision, I finally made up my mind not to beat a retreat. After all, you couldn’t judge a book by its cover, as an old idem told us, so did my college. And what happened next proved that I chose a wise choice.
On entering the dormitory, I met 10 smiling faces that greeted me warmly, which made me pretty amazed and delighted. It was a great honor for me to be arranged to live with 10 freshmen who came from 9 different provinces. We liked each other at first sight. Sharing our experiences and talking without any embarrassment, we felt like long last friends.
Visiting came in the afternoon when the college leaders and teachers came to our dormitory to give us worm welcome. Whenever we need help, someone always came to lend us a hand. I never felt myself a new comer, but a member of the big family.
That life was not all roses was what I learned on my first day in college. I realized that difficulties in life couldn’t be avoided, but that if one didn’t run away but met unexpected hardship, one mastered all obstacles and at the came out victorious.
八年级上册英语作文 3
Li Xiaohu spent too much time playing computer games and he fell behind others. As a good/close friend of his, I must do something to help him.
First, I think it's very important for him to learn lessons well. He should spend most of his time on his study instead of computer games.
Secondly, I must tell him that playing computer games too much is bad for his health, especially for his eyes. So he must give it up. I can play more sports with him after school. Maybe he will become more interested in sports than computer games. And then I'll ask him to concentrate more on his study. Of course, I will try my best to help him with all his subjects. I think I can do it in many fun ways and let him find much fun in studying. At the same time, I'll ask both his parents and our teachers to help him, too. If I try these, I'm sure he will make great progress soon.
八年级上册优秀英语作文 4
Fires often happen suddenly. What should we do to keep safe in a fire? Here is some advice.
First, we should keep calm and be brave. Second, call 119 for help and tell other people about the fire. Then leave the burning building as quickly as possible. But remember not to use the lift. Third, if there is smoke, cover our nose and mouth with a wet cloth. If our clothes are on fire, drop to the ground and roll(滚动). Finally, it is dangerous to go back into a burning building.
In short, follow what we learnt in school and we can be safe.
八年级上册英语作文 5
This holiday my sister and I went to Shanghai. My sister had just graduated and she wanted to find a job in Shanghai. My uncle lived in Shanghai, so we lived with him after we got there. On the first day we went to a lot of interesting places, including Waitan and Huangpu Park.
The next few days were spent helping my sister find a job. We read many advertisements in newspapers. My sister failed in getting the first job because they said she was too young. Then we lost our way and couldn’t find the second company. We had a map but the city is so big, so we had to asked someone for help and finally found the second company. The boss had a talk with my sister and asked her to wait at home for their decision. A month later we went home. My sister couldn’t find a job in Shanghai because she was not knowledgeable enough or she didn’t have enough experience.
In this holiday we learned that if we want to succeed in life, we have to work hard and get a lot of knowledge.
英语八年级上册作文及翻译 6
How to Be Stronger 怎么变强壮
With the improvement of people’s material conditions, people have higher demands for living quality. People wish to be in good health and to have good living habits. How shall we do?
First, keep going to bed and getting up early every clay. Then do some exercises in the open air to breathe the fresh air in the morning, so we will have a pleasant mood in a day.
Then have balanced food to ensure our health. Eat more vegetables.
Being calm and good-natured is most important for our health. Hope you will be happy forever.
随着物质生活水平的提高，人们对生活质量有了更高的要求。人们希望拥有强壮的身体和良好的生活习惯。我们应怎样做？ 第一，继续睡觉和起床早一粘土。然后做一些运动，在户外，呼吸清晨的新鲜空气，所以我们将在一天中都有一个愉快的心情。 然后有平衡的膳食来保证我们的健康。多吃蔬菜。 正在心平气和对我们的健康是最重要的。希望你永远快乐。
8年级上册英语作文 7
When talking about success, people will think about the successful career and a lot of fortune. It seems that owing the fame and the money can make a person perfect. We are easy to envy others for the things they have, as the saying that the food is delicious next door. But we must realize that sometimes we are envied by others. There is a story about two girls who live in the same room, one is believed to be the perfect student because she studies so well and the other have a lot of friends though she gets the ordinary score. When they communicate with each other, they find that they envy about each other. We should be proud of the things we have, such as our parents’ caring, it is incomparable. Cherishing what we have and we will be happy all the time.
在谈到成功时，人们会想到成功的事业和财富。似乎拥有名声和金钱可以使人完美。我们很容易嫉妒别人的东西，俗话说隔壁饭菜香。但我们必须意识到，有时我们会被别人羡慕。有一个故事关于两个住在同一个房间的女孩，其中一个被认为是一个完美的学生，因为她学习很好，另一个有很多朋友虽然她成绩一般。当她们相互交流时，发现彼此嫉妒。我们应该为自己拥有的东西而感到自豪，比如父母的关怀，它是无与伦比的。珍惜我们所拥有的，就会一直很幸福。
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8年级上册英语重点 8
Module1 How to learn English
1.Let’s try to speak English as much as possible.尽可能多的
1.We are going to talk about good ways to learn English. 我们将谈论一些学英语的好方法
talk to sb.对某人谈话 talk with 和。。。。交谈
3.Why not write down our mistakes in our notebook?
Why not do sth= why don’t you do sth.为什么不做。呢？只可跟动词原形
4.It’s a good idea to spell and pronounce new words aloud every day.
It’s a good idea to do sth. 做。。。。。是个好主意
5.How about listening to the radio?
How about doing sth=what about doing sth 做。怎么样？
6.Watching films and listening to songs are great ways to learn English.
看电影和听歌是学英语的好方法
7.I also advise you to talk about the films or songs with your friends.
我也建议你跟你的朋友谈论电影和歌曲
advise sb to do sth.建议某人做某事
advise doing sth建议做某事
8.I am shy and I am afraid to speak to her.
be afraid to do sth害怕做某事或不敢做某事
be afraid of doing sth.担心会发生某事或某情况
9.start a conversation开始谈话
10.It’s natural to forget new words!
忘掉新单词是很合乎情理的
It’s +adj + for sb. to do sth.对
某人来说做某事。。。。。。
11.当million, billion, thousand等前有具体数词修饰时，他们不用加s,不加of。若表示不具体数目时则加s，加of
如果前面是several时，要么加s加of,要么不加s不加of
Several millions of years ago=several million years ago
Millions of people around the world visit them daily to improve their English.
Module2 My home town and my country
1.----How was your weekend?
-----Pretty good!相当好
用于对How’s........?或what do you think of.....?作答
2. In fact, it only became important in the 1980s. It’s getting bigger and busier.
1) in fact 表示“事实上”。
2) in the 1980s 表示“在20世纪80年代”。结构为“in the + 年 + s”。
e.g. in the 1930s 在20世纪30年
3) become important 表示“变得重要”。
getting bigger and cleaner 表示“变得更大和更干净”。
become 和 get 表示“变得”，用法等于 be。
3.It’s on the coast near Hong Kong.
在海岸线上
4.Some day it will become as busy as Hong Kong.有一天它会变得跟香港一样繁忙
1)as + 形容词/副词 + as 和……一样
e.g. He is as tall as his brother.他和他的哥哥一样高。
2)not as + 形容词/副词 + as 不像……
e.g. This dictionary is not as useful as you think. 这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。
5.It’s taller than many other buildings in Shenzhen.他比深圳一些其他的建筑物要高得多
many other+名词复数 一些其他的。。。。
many others 一些别人
6.What’s the population of Shenzhen?深圳的人口是多少
The population of Shenzhen is larger than that of many other cities in China.
深圳的人口要比中国其他城市的人口要大得多。
Population 是一个集合名词，常与定冠词the连用，作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数。例如：The world’s population is increasing faster and faster.
当主语是表示“人口的百分之几、几分之几”时，谓语动词用复数
About seventy percent of the population in China are farmers.
中国大约有百分之七十的人口是农民。
Shenzhen is larger in population than Beijing.
No, it isn’t. It’s smaller.
It is on the river Cam and has a population of about 120,000.have a population of …表示“有……人口”。指人口的多少用large或small。
7.My home town is especially(尤其) famous for it’s university.
be famous for因为。。。。而出名 be famous as 作为。。。。而出名
8.It is best known for the White House.
be known for 因为。。。。而出名
be known as 作为。。。。。而出名
9.Millions of tourists visit it every year to show respect to President Lincoln.
Show respect to对。。。。表示尊敬
10. There are lots of old buildings and churches to visit.
lots of 表示“许多，大量的”，后面加可数名词或不可数名词。例如：lots of buildings
11. England itself is part of an island,…
be part of 表示“是……的一部分”。
e.g. Taiwan is part of China.台湾是中国的一部分。
Module3 Nothing is more enjoyable than playing tennis.
1.be popular with 受。。。的欢迎
2.What’s the score? Score n.得分 v.得分、获胜、成功
3.What’s the matter with you?你怎么了
What’s the trouble with 。。。。。?=what’s wrong with 。。。。。?
用来询问、谈论某人出了什么情况(看上去焦虑、难过或者生病)或者表示。。。。。出问题了
4.Watching is not dangerous and it’s more relaxing too!
5.Nothing is more enjoyable than playing tennis.没有什么比打网球更令人高兴的了
6.Never mind. There’s still plenty of time for them to score.
Never mind 没有关系、不要紧、不要记在心上
Plenty of后跟可数名词和不可数名词都行
7、that means we have a better chance of winning.那意味着我们有更好的获胜的机会
have a chance of doing sth
have a chance to do sth
8、in the mornings and evenings, you can see people jogging in parks or along city streets.
See sb. doing sth看到某人正在做某事
See sb. do sth看到某人干了或经常干某事
Module4 planes, ships and trains
1. Maybe I should go to school by taxi.
交通工具英语搭配：By bus = take the bus
2、what about going by bike?
What about doing= how about doing ......;怎么样
3、the more information, the better.信息越多越好
The+比较级；the +比较级 越。。。。。越。。。。
Module 5 Lao She Teahouse
1、I wanted to see Beijing Opera, so Lingling offered to take me there.我想去看北京京剧，所以玲玲主动提出带我到那。want to do sth想做某事
2、it was difficult to understand the words. But the actors and actresses were excellent.
理解他们的话是很困难的，但是演员们很优秀
3、We only planned to watch for an hour, but in the end, we stayed for three hours.
4、LaoShe Teahouse gives a warm welcome to everyone from all over the world.
give sb. a..... Welcom对某人表示。。。欢迎
Module 6 Animals in danger
1、I am more interested to see the pandas in the Wolong Panda Reserve
我更感兴趣的是看到了卧龙熊猫保护区的熊猫
interested adj.感兴趣的 interesting adj.有趣的
Sb. be interested in.... 某人对某事感兴趣(主语必须是人)
Sth. be interesting.....某物令某人感兴趣(主语必须是物)
类似的单词有：
excited---exciting bored----boring moved---moving surprised---surprising
2、It allows people to get closer to them.它允许人们接近他们
allow sb. to do sth 允许某人做。。。 allow doing sth.允许做。。。。 allow that...承认。。。
They don’t allow smoking here.他们不允许在这吸烟
We had to allow that he was a good teacher.我们不得不承认他是一名好老师。
3、It’s sad to think of pandas and other animals in danger.
想起熊猫和其他动物正处于危险中是很悲伤地
in danger 处于危险中，有危险 out of danger脱离危险 dangerous adj有危险的
关于look的短语：
look after照顾照料= take care of look at 看 look into 调查
look up查阅、检查 look out小心、当心
look forward to doing sth. 期待做某事
4、we need to protect them better.我们需要更好地保护他们
1)need的用法：作实义动词，意为“需要” 当主语是人时，用need to do;当主语是物时，用need doing或need to be done
例如：we need to learn English.我们需要学英语
The trees need watering/ to be watered. 这些树需要浇水了
2)need作情态动词时，用于疑问句或否定句中。后面接动词原形，意为“需要、必须”
5、there is not enough land or forests, so the animals do not have a safe place to live.
enough+名词 形容词或副词+enough 如：old enough
6、let’s find out what else we can do to save as many animals as possible.
8年级上册物理课件 9
8年级上册物理课件
●教学目标
一、知识与能力
1.了解眼睛的构造，知道眼睛是怎样看见物体的。
2.了解眼镜是怎样矫正视力的。
二、过程与方法
1.通过观察实验和实践，培养学生理论联系实际，实事求是，求真务实的科学态度。
2.培养学生的观察能力、思维能力、参与组织能力和实践能力。
三、情感态度与价值观
1.通过活动，培养学生珍惜生命，关爱健康的意识，使其能自觉注意保护视力。
2.通过活动，培养学生将科学技术应用于日常生活的意识。
●教学重点新 课 标 第 一 网
培养学生用前面所学凸透镜成像规律的知识，加深对眼睛的了解。
●教学难点
将科学知识应用于日常生活的意识的培养。
●教学方法
观察法、讨论法。
●教学用具
挂图、眼睛模型、投影仪、球、书、石块、冰块、盐水杯。
●课时安排
1课时
●教学过程
一、创设情境、引入新课
[师]同学们闭上眼睛，用手摸这些东西(球、书、石块、冰块、盐水杯等)，每摸一样，说出这是什么？
教师在教室里走动，拿着不同东西，让学生们摸。
[师]为什么不用眼睛，用手摸也能知道某一物体的形状、大小、凉热等特点？
[生]因为我们有触觉、味觉、视觉、嗅觉、听觉，能摸出来是触觉的作用。
[师]这位同学说得很对，其实这些东西的特点，除了用手摸，用眼睛一下就看出来了。眼睛是一个既复杂又奇妙的器官，它帮助我们认识身外的世界。判断物体的大小、距离、质感、颜色及长、宽等。你们知道眼睛是如何看到物体的吗？上节课我布置收集关于眼睛的资料，来说给大家听。
二、新课教学
[放投影片，课本图3.4-1，眼球的结构，让同学们通过挂图和投影片讲叙]
[生甲]眼睛的主要部分是眼球，眼球近似球体。此外，还有一些附属结构。
[生乙]眼球由角膜、晶状体、瞳孔、虹膜、睫状体、玻璃体、视网膜等组成。
[生丙]晶状体和角膜的共同作用相当于一个凸透镜。
[生丁]外界物体反射来的光线，经过角膜、房水，由瞳孔进入眼球内部，再经过晶状体、玻璃体的折射作用，会聚在视网膜上，形成物体的像。
[生戊]视网膜上的视神经细胞受到光的刺激，把这个信号传输给大脑，我们就看到了物体。
[师]大家鼓掌，对他们精彩的讲解进行鼓励，谁还有不明的问题，请提出来。
[生甲]眼睛的睫毛、眼皮不属于眼球的构造，属于什么？
[生乙]眼睛睫状体起什么作用？
[生丙]眼睛中瞳孔起什么作用？
[生丁]视网膜起什么作用？
[生戊]既然晶状体和角膜的共同作用相当于一个凸透镜，那么物体能成什么样的像？
[师]请从你们收集到的资料中来解决这些问题。
[生甲]眼球的附属结构：有使眼球运动的肌肉，保护眼球的眼睑、睫毛、结膜、泪器。
[生乙]眼睛的睫状体的作用是调节晶状体的形状，当睫状体放松时，晶状体比较薄，远处物体射来的光刚好会聚在视网膜上，眼球可以看清远处的物体；当睫状体收缩时，晶状体变厚，对光的偏折能力变大，远处物体射来的光会聚在视网膜上，眼睛就可以看清近处的物体。
[生丙]眼睛瞳孔的作用能改变大小以控制进入眼睛的光线量，若在一个阳光普照的室外环境下，由于我们的眼睛不用太多光线来观看物体。瞳孔会自动收缩；相反，在漆黑的环境下，由于我们需要更多的光线来看物体，瞳孔便会自动扩张，瞳孔好像照相机的光圈。
[生丁]眼睛中视网膜的作用是把物体成的像的光能转变为神经冲动，再经过通往大脑的神经把神经冲动传入中枢神经系统，到达大脑皮层的视觉中枢，产生视觉，视网膜好像照相机的底片。
[生戊]光线由物体射入眼球，经过角膜和晶状体(相当于凸透镜)的折射，然后到达视网膜形成倒像，但我们看见的物体都是直立的物像，是因为受生活经验的影响。
[师]大家回答的非常好，说明在课下做了不少工作，说明准备得很充分，我们的眼睛就是这样：光线由我们所观看的物体发出，经过瞳孔(好像照相机的光圈)再由角膜及晶状体(功能好像照相机的镜头)，再会聚在视网膜上(好像照相机的底片).
(一)眼睛(板书)
主要构造：
我们的眼睛实在了不起，我们不需要像摄影师那样，要考虑到环境的光暗或物体距离，我们的眼睛会自动作出调节，只要眼睛各部分运作正常，每一次我们均可“摄”取一张美丽动人的“相片”。
有些人单靠自身眼睛的调节已不能使像成在视网膜上，这种情况是怎么形成的，如何 处理？
[生甲]近视眼只能看清近处的物体，看不清远处的物体。
[生乙]远视眼只能看清远处的物体，看不清近处的物体。
[生丙]近视眼的视网膜距晶状体过远或者晶状体太凸，折光能力太强，致使远处射来的平行光线还未到达视网膜就已聚成一点，而当光线到达视网膜时又都分散开，形成一个模糊的光斑，因此看不清远处的物体。
[生丁]远视眼是视网膜距晶状体过近或者晶状体太扁，折光能力太弱，致使近处射来的平行光线到达视网膜时，还没有聚成一点，形成的物像落在视网膜的后方，在视网膜上形成一个模糊的光斑，因此，看不清近处的物体。
[师]那么怎么矫正近视眼和远视眼，看投影。(课本图3.4-3、图3.4-4)
[生甲]远视眼镜是凸透镜，是利用凸透镜能使光线会聚的特点，在眼睛前放一个凸透镜，就能使来自近处物体的光会聚在视网膜上。
[生乙]近视眼镜是凹透镜，使入射的平行光线经过凹透镜发散后再射入眼睛。
[师]同学们回答的非常好，还有什么问题？请继续提问。
[生甲]近视眼是怎么形成的？
[生乙]老花眼是怎么形成的？
[生丙]怎么预防近视眼？
[生丁]眼镜的度数是怎么来的？
[生戊]什么是假性近视？什么是真性近视？
[师]请同学们根据搜集的资料，找出答案。
[生甲]形成近视眼的原因，一般认为主要有两个方面，一是遗传因素，二是环境因素。其中环境因素是形成学生近视眼的主要因素。
[生乙]儿童、青少年眼睛中的晶状体弹性强，睫状体的调节能力大，但是如果看书写字的姿势不正确，书本放得离眼太近，或采光、照明条件不好，或持续用眼的时间过长，都会使睫状体内的肌肉持续收缩。晶状体凸度增大，久而久之，一旦看远方物体时，睫状体内的肌肉就不能放松。变凸的晶状体也不能恢复到正常状态，这样就造成了假性近视。
[生丁]发生假性近视以后，如仍不注意采取有效的防治措施，就会造成变凸的晶状体不能恢复正常，就会变成真性近视。
[生戊]预防近视要做到：①读书、写字姿势要正确，眼与书的距离约33 cm.②看书一小时后休息，要远眺几分钟。③要认真做眼睛保健操。④不要在直射强光下看书。⑤不在光暗的地方看书。⑥不躺卧着看书。⑦不在走路时看书。
[生己]老花眼产生的原因是由于老年人的晶状体弹性变差，调节能力减弱的缘故。是生理性变化引起的，看远物不需要晶状体的调节，但在看近物时，需要配戴凸透镜。
[生庚]透镜焦距f的长短标志着折光本领的大小。焦距越短，折光本领越大，通常把透镜焦距的倒数叫做透镜焦度。用Φ表示。
如果远视很严重，所戴花镜(凸透镜)的折光本领应该大一些，透镜焦度就要大一些，平时说的眼镜片的度数，就是镜片的透镜焦度乘100的值。例如：100度远视镜片的透镜焦度是1 m-1，它的焦距是1 m.
凸透镜(远视镜片)的度数是正数，凹透镜(近视镜片)的度数是负数。
[师]现在我们知道了近视眼是怎么形成的了，但如何预防？如何矫正？
(二)近视眼及其矫正。
近视眼的视网膜距晶状体过远，从无穷远处射来的平行光线会聚在视网膜前，用凹透镜矫正。
(三)远视眼及其矫正。
远视眼的视网膜距晶状体过近，平行光的会聚点在视网膜后，用凸透镜矫正。
三、小结
1.眼睛好像一架照相机，主要由瞳孔(好像照相机的光圈)、角膜及晶体(功能好像照相机的镜头)、视网膜(好像照相机的底片)组成。
2.近视眼用凹透镜矫正。
3.远视眼用凸透镜矫正。
四、布置作业
P64动手动脑学物理①②③.
P65科学世界①②.
[动手动脑学物理习题参考答案]
1.甲图平行光线通过凸透镜后，会聚于焦点，是正确的。
过焦点的光通过凸透镜后应成为平行光，而乙图的光线向外发散，是错误的。
光线通过凹透镜后应发散，而丙图的光线通过凹透镜后向主光轴