知识详解
1 measure v． 测量；评估；测定
n． 尺寸；大小；度量单位；措施
(回归课本P12)What does the Human Development Index measure?
人类发展指数是测量什么的？
12
归纳总结
例句探源
①Education shouldn’t be measured purely by examination results.
教育不应该纯粹用考试成绩来衡量。
②I would rather have my clothes made to my own measure than buy those which are readymade.
我宁愿让人根据我自己的尺寸定制衣服也不愿意买现成的。
③The government has promised to take measures to help the unemployed.
政府已答应采取措施来帮助失业者。
④Her work has improved beyond measure.
她的工作已大有进步。
即境活用
1．It is amazing that the little boy can swim________the river________100 meters wide.
A．across；measuring
B．over；measured
C．across；measure
D．through；measuring
解析：选A。across表示从表面上穿过；over指越过；through指从中间穿过，所以第一空用across；第二空用现在分词作定语，修饰the river。 本句意为“那小男孩能游过一百米宽的河真是了不起。”
2.It’s high time we________effective________to improve your working conditions.
A．took；measures
B．made；measures
C．did；measure
D．had；measure
解析：选A。考查固定短语take measures to do...表示“采取措施干……”。本句意为“该是我们采取有效措施来改善你们的工作条件的时候了。”
2 position n． 地点，位置；姿势；地位；立场，处境；职位
(回归课本P12)The UK is in the thirteenth position，while China is in the middle of the list.
英国排在第十三位，而中国排在中间位置。
归纳总结
in a．..position处于……的地位/处境
be in/out of position在/不在适当的位置
be in a position to do sth.(因有能力、金钱或权力而)能做某事
take up(one’s)position就位
shift one’s position改变立场
例句探源
①This put him and his colleagues in a difficult position.
这使他和同事们处于困难的境地。
②When I know all the facts，I’ll be in a position to advise you.
在我了解所有的事实之后，我就能给你提出建议了。
③She held the position of sales manager.
她担任销售经理的职务。
④After the shelves were in position ，we realized we’d forgotten to paint them.
把那些架子放好之后，我们才意识到忘记给它们上漆了。
易混辨析
state，condition，situation，position
(1)state 多表示身体、心理状况，也可表示物质的状态。
(2)condition表示周围的工作、学习等的环境、条件(常用复数)；表示身体条件(多为不可数)。
(3)situation表示政治上的形势、局面；表示公司或集团的总状况、处境等。
(4)position处境、情势 (尤指影响自己的行动能力)；也可用来表示政治上的形势、局面，不如situation正式。
①He applied for the position of assistant manager in the big company.
②She is in no condition to travel.
③The economic situation of the country is disastrous.
④Water has three states：solid，liquid and steam.
即境活用
3．(高考陕西卷)From their________on the top of the TV Tower，visitors can have a better view of the city.
A．stage B．position
C．condition D．situation
解析：选B。考查名词辨析。stage“(进展的)阶段，时期”；position“位置，职位”；condition“情况，条件”；situation“情况，形势，情景”。句意：从他们所在的电视塔顶的位置，游客们可以更好地观看这座城市。这里明显说的是位置，所以用position。
4.Before entering the room，I was asked to show the soldier the________of my suitcase.
A．contents B．shape
C．position D．instructions
解析：选A。句意：在进屋之前，战士让我出示一下手提箱里的东西。content内容，容纳物；shape形状；position位置；instructions指示，说明。故A项符合。
3 figure n． 数字；图形；人物；身材
v． 计算；认为，以为
(回归课本P13)Complete the chart with figures from the passage.
用短文中的数字完成表格。
归纳总结
例句探源
①His score is now well into double figures.
他的得分现在已达到两位数了。
②I figured that he was drunk and shouldn’t be allowed to drive.
我认为他喝醉了，不应该让他开车。
③(高考安徽卷)Ask some openended questions，which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy.
问一些开放式的问题，这将使你弄清楚他希望达到什么意图。
即境活用
5.The present situation is very complex，so I think it will take me some time to________ its reality.
A．make up B．figure out
C．look through D．put off
解析：选B。句意是：目前的形势非常复杂，因此我认为要花费一段时间才能弄清楚它的真实情况。make up组成；编造；弥补；look through温习；仔细查看；浏览；put off推迟。
6．完成句子
Can you ________________it？你能弄明白如何做这事吗？
答案：figure out how to do
4 exchange v． & n． 交换；调换；兑换；交易
(回归课本P19)There are visits and exchanges between schools，theatre groups and sports teams.
双方的学校、戏剧团体和体育代表团队之间进行互访和交流。
归纳总结
例句探源
①He exchanged the plough for the sword.
他以犁换剑(化干戈为玉帛)。
②Will you exchange seats with me?
你愿意同我调换座位吗？
③An exchange of opinions is helpful.
相互交换意见是有益的。
④Let’s make an exchange.You’ll clean my room，and I’ll do the shopping for you.
让我们做个交换，你为我打扫房间，我为你买东西。
⑤(牛津P691)Would you like my old TV in exchange for this camera?
用我的旧电视换这架照相机，你愿意吗？
即境活用
7．I have offered to paint the house ________ a week’s accommodation.
A．in exchange for
B．with regard to
C．by means of
D．in place of
解析：选A。句意是：我主动提出粉刷这所房子，条件是让我免费吃住一周。空白处要用in exchange for表示“作为交换”。with regard to关于；by means of凭借……手段；in place of代替。
5 make efforts 努力，尽力
(回归课本P12)The report shows that we are making some progress but that we need to make greater efforts.
报告显示我们一直在进步，但我们还需要付出更大的努力。
归纳总结
例句探源
①Every effort is being made to deal with the issues you raised at the last meeting.
正尽一切努力处理你在上次会议上提出的问题。
②Frank put a lot of effort into the preparations for the party.
弗兰克花了很大力气来准备这次聚会。
③We will spare no effort to host the Shanghai Expo.
我们将尽一切力量举办上海世博会。
④(牛津P641)With effort she managed to stop herself laughing.她好不容易才忍住了笑。
即境活用
8．Every effort should be________to save the boy’s life.
A．taken B．done C．made D．given
解析：选C。考查固定搭配make every effort to do...表示“尽一切努力做……”，本句意为“应该尽一切努力来挽救那个男孩的生命。”
9.完成句子
She________________(尽力)to be nice to her boss.
解析：本句意为“她努力讨好她的老板。”
答案：made an effort
6 be connected with 与……有联系；与……有关
(回归课本P16)Which word is connected with building?
哪个词和建筑有关？
归纳总结
例句探源
①Connect the speakers to the record player and plug it in.
将扬声器连接在唱机上，再插上插头。
②(高考江苏卷)The first would possibly connect Kunming with Singapore via Vietnam and Malaysia.
第一个或许能通过越南和马来西亚把昆明和新加坡连接起来。
③Her diligence must have something to do with her success.
她的勤勉和她的成功一定有某种关系。
④We only discuss what is related to us.
我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。
⑤The reporter wants to know whether the official is involved in the case.
这个记者想知道那位官员是否涉及此案。
即境活用
10．That soldier was suspected to________the crime.
A．connect to B．connect with C．be connected to D．be connected with
解析：选D。be connected with“和……有联系”。
句型梳理
1【教材原句】 Norway is at the top of the list，while the U．S. is at number 7.(P12)
挪威高居榜首，而美国则名列第七。
【句法分析】 while 在此句中作并列连词，意为“然而”，表示一种对比关系。
①Some people are for his plan while others are against it.
一些人赞成他的计划，而其他人反对。
②I am fond of music while my brother is fond of sports.
我喜欢音乐而我弟弟喜欢体育运动。
while还可以表示“尽管，虽然”以及“只要(＝as long as)”。
③(牛津P2293)While I am willing to help，I do not have much time available.
尽管我愿意帮忙，但是没有多少时间。
【注意】 but是并列连词，常用以引出与前后相对照或修饰前文的句子、词或词组。while常用作从属连词，表示“而，然而”时强调前后对比性，用来引导句子。
即境活用
11．(高考安徽卷)?I wonder how much you charge for your services.
?The first two are free________the third costs $30.
A．while B．until
C．when D．before
解析：选A。句意：??我想知道你要收多少服务费。??前两次是免费的，但第三次的费用是30美元。while而，但是；until直到；when当……时候；before在……之前，才，就。
12.She thought I was talking about her daughter，________in fact，I was talking about my daughter.
A．whom B．where
C．which D．while
解析：选D。句意“她认为我在谈论她女儿，但事实上，我谈论的是我女儿。”
2【教材原句】 It’s an agreement between towns or cities of similar size and age，and...(P19)
它是有着相似的面积和年代的城镇之间的一份协定，而且……
【句法分析】
(1)be of＋抽象名词＝be＋该名词相对应的形容词
(2)“be of＋集合名词或其他类型的名词”。此处为普通用法，相当于“……的”，此时的名词多是表示亲属、血统、种族、国籍及出处等的名词，常用的名词有family/blood/race/origin等。
(3)“be of＋物质名词”表示主语是“用某种材料构成或制作的”，相当于be made of或be built of。
(4)还有些抽象名词没有相应的形容词形式。如：
be of the size/weight/height/depth/length/age/colour/shape/kind/type...。
①This dictionary is of great use to learners of English.
＝This dictionary is very useful to learners of English.
这本词典对英语学习者很有用。
②Her father is a man of short height.
她爸爸是一位身材矮小的男人。
③Several of the stamps were of the unusual kind.
其中几张邮票是不常见的种类。
④They are of the same state.＝They belong to the same state.他们属于同一个州。
⑤Our building was of bricks.＝Our building was built of bricks.我们的楼房是用砖建的。
即境活用
13．(高考辽宁卷)Children need friends________their own age to play with.
A．of B．for
C．in D．at
解析：选A。考查介词搭配。of与age构成固定搭配。friends of their own age意思是“他们的同龄朋友们”。
14.This book is________to my translation，but that one is________.
A．great help；helpless
B．a great help；of no use
C．important；of few importance
D．very helpful；of no any use
1 measure v． 测量；评估；测定
n． 尺寸；大小；度量单位；措施
(回归课本P12)What does the Human Development Index measure?
人类发展指数是测量什么的？
12
归纳总结
例句探源
①Education shouldn’t be measured purely by examination results.
教育不应该纯粹用考试成绩来衡量。
②I would rather have my clothes made to my own measure than buy those which are readymade.
我宁愿让人根据我自己的尺寸定制衣服也不愿意买现成的。
③The government has promised to take measures to help the unemployed.
政府已答应采取措施来帮助失业者。
④Her work has improved beyond measure.
她的工作已大有进步。
即境活用
1．It is amazing that the little boy can swim________the river________100 meters wide.
A．across；measuring
B．over；measured
C．across；measure
D．through；measuring
解析：选A。across表示从表面上穿过；over指越过；through指从中间穿过，所以第一空用across；第二空用现在分词作定语，修饰the river。 本句意为“那小男孩能游过一百米宽的河真是了不起。”
2.It’s high time we________effective________to improve your working conditions.
A．took；measures
B．made；measures
C．did；measure
D．had；measure
解析：选A。考查固定短语take measures to do...表示“采取措施干……”。本句意为“该是我们采取有效措施来改善你们的工作条件的时候了。”
2 position n． 地点，位置；姿势；地位；立场，处境；职位
(回归课本P12)The UK is in the thirteenth position，while China is in the middle of the list.
英国排在第十三位，而中国排在中间位置。
归纳总结
in a．..position处于……的地位/处境
be in/out of position在/不在适当的位置
be in a position to do sth.(因有能力、金钱或权力而)能做某事
take up(one’s)position就位
shift one’s position改变立场
例句探源
①This put him and his colleagues in a difficult position.
这使他和同事们处于困难的境地。
②When I know all the facts，I’ll be in a position to advise you.
在我了解所有的事实之后，我就能给你提出建议了。
③She held the position of sales manager.
她担任销售经理的职务。
④After the shelves were in position ，we realized we’d forgotten to paint them.
把那些架子放好之后，我们才意识到忘记给它们上漆了。
易混辨析
state，condition，situation，position
(1)state 多表示身体、心理状况，也可表示物质的状态。
(2)condition表示周围的工作、学习等的环境、条件(常用复数)；表示身体条件(多为不可数)。
(3)situation表示政治上的形势、局面；表示公司或集团的总状况、处境等。
(4)position处境、情势 (尤指影响自己的行动能力)；也可用来表示政治上的形势、局面，不如situation正式。
①He applied for the position of assistant manager in the big company.
②She is in no condition to travel.
③The economic situation of the country is disastrous.
④Water has three states：solid，liquid and steam.
即境活用
3．(高考陕西卷)From their________on the top of the TV Tower，visitors can have a better view of the city.
A．stage B．position
C．condition D．situation
解析：选B。考查名词辨析。stage“(进展的)阶段，时期”；position“位置，职位”；condition“情况，条件”；situation“情况，形势，情景”。句意：从他们所在的电视塔顶的位置，游客们可以更好地观看这座城市。这里明显说的是位置，所以用position。
4.Before entering the room，I was asked to show the soldier the________of my suitcase.
A．contents B．shape
C．position D．instructions
解析：选A。句意：在进屋之前，战士让我出示一下手提箱里的东西。content内容，容纳物；shape形状；position位置；instructions指示，说明。故A项符合。
3 figure n． 数字；图形；人物；身材
v． 计算；认为，以为
(回归课本P13)Complete the chart with figures from the passage.
用短文中的数字完成表格。
归纳总结
例句探源
①His score is now well into double figures.
他的得分现在已达到两位数了。
②I figured that he was drunk and shouldn’t be allowed to drive.
我认为他喝醉了，不应该让他开车。
③(高考安徽卷)Ask some openended questions，which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy.
问一些开放式的问题，这将使你弄清楚他希望达到什么意图。
即境活用
5.The present situation is very complex，so I think it will take me some time to________ its reality.
A．make up B．figure out
C．look through D．put off
解析：选B。句意是：目前的形势非常复杂，因此我认为要花费一段时间才能弄清楚它的真实情况。make up组成；编造；弥补；look through温习；仔细查看；浏览；put off推迟。
6．完成句子
Can you ________________it？你能弄明白如何做这事吗？
答案：figure out how to do
4 exchange v． & n． 交换；调换；兑换；交易
(回归课本P19)There are visits and exchanges between schools，theatre groups and sports teams.
双方的学校、戏剧团体和体育代表团队之间进行互访和交流。
归纳总结
例句探源
①He exchanged the plough for the sword.
他以犁换剑(化干戈为玉帛)。
②Will you exchange seats with me?
你愿意同我调换座位吗？
③An exchange of opinions is helpful.
相互交换意见是有益的。
④Let’s make an exchange.You’ll clean my room，and I’ll do the shopping for you.
让我们做个交换，你为我打扫房间，我为你买东西。
⑤(牛津P691)Would you like my old TV in exchange for this camera?
用我的旧电视换这架照相机，你愿意吗？
即境活用
7．I have offered to paint the house ________ a week’s accommodation.
A．in exchange for
B．with regard to
C．by means of
D．in place of
解析：选A。句意是：我主动提出粉刷这所房子，条件是让我免费吃住一周。空白处要用in exchange for表示“作为交换”。with regard to关于；by means of凭借……手段；in place of代替。
5 make efforts 努力，尽力
(回归课本P12)The report shows that we are making some progress but that we need to make greater efforts.
报告显示我们一直在进步，但我们还需要付出更大的努力。
归纳总结
例句探源
①Every effort is being made to deal with the issues you raised at the last meeting.
正尽一切努力处理你在上次会议上提出的问题。
②Frank put a lot of effort into the preparations for the party.
弗兰克花了很大力气来准备这次聚会。
③We will spare no effort to host the Shanghai Expo.
我们将尽一切力量举办上海世博会。
④(牛津P641)With effort she managed to stop herself laughing.她好不容易才忍住了笑。
即境活用
8．Every effort should be________to save the boy’s life.
A．taken B．done C．made D．given
解析：选C。考查固定搭配make every effort to do...表示“尽一切努力做……”，本句意为“应该尽一切努力来挽救那个男孩的生命。”
9.完成句子
She________________(尽力)to be nice to her boss.
解析：本句意为“她努力讨好她的老板。”
答案：made an effort
6 be connected with 与……有联系；与……有关
(回归课本P16)Which word is connected with building?
哪个词和建筑有关？
归纳总结
例句探源
①Connect the speakers to the record player and plug it in.
将扬声器连接在唱机上，再插上插头。
②(高考江苏卷)The first would possibly connect Kunming with Singapore via Vietnam and Malaysia.
第一个或许能通过越南和马来西亚把昆明和新加坡连接起来。
③Her diligence must have something to do with her success.
她的勤勉和她的成功一定有某种关系。
④We only discuss what is related to us.
我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。
⑤The reporter wants to know whether the official is involved in the case.
这个记者想知道那位官员是否涉及此案。
即境活用
10．That soldier was suspected to________the crime.
A．connect to B．connect with C．be connected to D．be connected with
解析：选D。be connected with“和……有联系”。
句型梳理
1【教材原句】 Norway is at the top of the list，while the U．S. is at number 7.(P12)
挪威高居榜首，而美国则名列第七。
【句法分析】 while 在此句中作并列连词，意为“然而”，表示一种对比关系。
①Some people are for his plan while others are against it.
一些人赞成他的计划，而其他人反对。
②I am fond of music while my brother is fond of sports.
我喜欢音乐而我弟弟喜欢体育运动。
while还可以表示“尽管，虽然”以及“只要(＝as long as)”。
③(牛津P2293)While I am willing to help，I do not have much time available.
尽管我愿意帮忙，但是没有多少时间。
【注意】 but是并列连词，常用以引出与前后相对照或修饰前文的句子、词或词组。while常用作从属连词，表示“而，然而”时强调前后对比性，用来引导句子。
即境活用
11．(高考安徽卷)?I wonder how much you charge for your services.
?The first two are free________the third costs $30.
A．while B．until
C．when D．before
解析：选A。句意：??我想知道你要收多少服务费。??前两次是免费的，但第三次的费用是30美元。while而，但是；until直到；when当……时候；before在……之前，才，就。
12.She thought I was talking about her daughter，________in fact，I was talking about my daughter.
A．whom B．where
C．which D．while
解析：选D。句意“她认为我在谈论她女儿，但事实上，我谈论的是我女儿。”
2【教材原句】 It’s an agreement between towns or cities of similar size and age，and...(P19)
它是有着相似的面积和年代的城镇之间的一份协定，而且……
【句法分析】
(1)be of＋抽象名词＝be＋该名词相对应的形容词
(2)“be of＋集合名词或其他类型的名词”。此处为普通用法，相当于“……的”，此时的名词多是表示亲属、血统、种族、国籍及出处等的名词，常用的名词有family/blood/race/origin等。
(3)“be of＋物质名词”表示主语是“用某种材料构成或制作的”，相当于be made of或be built of。
(4)还有些抽象名词没有相应的形容词形式。如：
be of the size/weight/height/depth/length/age/colour/shape/kind/type...。
①This dictionary is of great use to learners of English.
＝This dictionary is very useful to learners of English.
这本词典对英语学习者很有用。
②Her father is a man of short height.
她爸爸是一位身材矮小的男人。
③Several of the stamps were of the unusual kind.
其中几张邮票是不常见的种类。
④They are of the same state.＝They belong to the same state.他们属于同一个州。
⑤Our building was of bricks.＝Our building was built of bricks.我们的楼房是用砖建的。
即境活用
13．(高考辽宁卷)Children need friends________their own age to play with.
A．of B．for
C．in D．at
解析：选A。考查介词搭配。of与age构成固定搭配。friends of their own age意思是“他们的同龄朋友们”。
14.This book is________to my translation，but that one is________.
A．great help；helpless
B．a great help；of no use
C．important；of few importance
D．very helpful；of no any use
